The Non Existent American Dream - 1374 Words

The Non-Existent American Dream Why is America never America? â€Å"America never was America to me† is a line repeatedly written in the poem ‘Let America be America Again’ by an African American poet Langston Hughes. This poem was published in 1936, when being African American was one’s greatest sin. African Americans were treated as things that elite whites can own rather than free- willed humans. In this poem, the pain and suffering of colored Americans, who were considered less than humans, is reflected clearly. Despite being written by an African America poet, the poem ‘Let America Be America Again’ does not represent African Americans only. Minority groups including economically disadvantaged whites are represented in this poem. For these people America is not America. It is a sleepless night where dreams are not allowed. They never get freedom in the land of the free. They never get opportunity in the land of opportunities. They never ge t justice and equality in the land of the justice. America is not America they want to see, and the poet Langston Hughes repeatedly mentions, â€Å"America never was America to me†. In 1936, when the poem was first published, being colored immigrant was the same, or even worse than being a murderer, justice was never served, and there was no equality. The privileged elites had all the America to them but to the lower racial groups and immigrants, American dream never existed. Despite the fact that the poem ‘Let America beShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Speech Analysis989 Words   |  4 Pagestime. His words sparked change for an entire nation and was an enormous factor in contributing to the African American Civil Rights movement. During the time of Martin Luther King Jr’s speech, the country was in a great state of distress regarding equal rights and equal opportunity for people of color. Riots, protests, and chaos seemed to be taking over the country as African Americans began to demand their deserved equality. Martin Luther King Jr stepped up through all the madness going on andRead MoreThe American Dream828 Words   |  4 Pagesand believe me, we are trying our best to change this stereotype. The American dream has always been what everyone desires- a little perfect family, house, and neighborhood. The American dream is what our parents, grandparents, and great grandparents have always wanted. Everyone always desires owning their own home; this concept of the American dream has a symbol of stability attached to it. However, isn’t the â€Å"American dream† itself just another stereotype? I am tired of my generation being tiedRead MoreThe Great Gatsby - Demise Of The American Dream883 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby - Demise of the American Dream The Great Gatsby (1925) is a highly symbolic novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald on 1920 s America, an era of great prosperity and material excess. Its theme mainly deals with the disintegration of the American Dream due to decayed social and moral values. The American Dream is a set of ideals in which freedom includes the right for prosperity, success, and social upward mobility for all Americans which can be achieved through hard work and dedicationRead MoreThe American Dream801 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream has a different meaning today as opposed to fifty-years ago. The American Dream once meant: marrying the love of your life, buying a home in the suburbs with a white picket fence, two to three children, and obtaining a job one could retire from in twenty years. That dream has vanished and disappeared with the advent, development, and advancement of technology, higher costs of living, and rising expenses of student loan debt. The heavy burden of paying off loans fr om attainingRead MoreHarlem A Dream Deferred Analysis762 Words   |  4 Pagesbecomes their dream, but people do not always fulfill these dreams. There are obstacles that come in the way of people being able to fulfill their dreams. In â€Å"Harlem [A Dream Deferred]† Langston Hughes uses imagery and rhetorical questions in order to demonstrate what happens to a dream. The theme that appears through Langston Hughes poem is the theme of not pursuing a dream. Through Hughes poem, this theme is demonstrated and the imagery helps in conveying the idea of having a dream postponed. Read MoreEssay on Modernism at Its Finest in Literature756 Words   |  4 Pagesof society and impacted more American lives than ever before. During the American modernism period of literature, authors, artists, and poets strived to create pieces of literature and art that challenged American traditions and tried to reinvent it, used new ways of communication, such as the telephone and cinema, to demonstrate the new modern social norms, and express the pain and suffering of the First World War. With new modernist American literature, Americans lose faith in their traditionalRead MoreThe American Dream Is The Forefront Of Many Beginnings For Citizens And Immigrants Alike943 Words   |  4 Pages The American Dream is the forefront of many beginnings for citizens and immigrants alike. Achieving this idea has proved to be unfair in certain circumstances due to many factors. The ability to reach the American Dream is not entirely realistic to a handful of people and is highly refutable. Having the chance to accomplish the American Dream is a freedom that most people desire. The American Dream is in fact real, and many have reached this set of ideals with success. However, the diversity thatRead MoreThe Lathe of Heaven by Ursula K. LeGuin Essay568 Words   |  3 PagesSometimes your dreams seem better than reality; sometimes they can be worse than your nightmares. In Ursula K. LeGuin’s The Lathe of Heaven, we follow the character George Orr as his dreams alter the reality of his dystopian world. Sometimes for the better, sometimes for the worse. After an attempt to control his subconscious with drugs, George Orr is forced to attend sessions of psychotherapy with a man named Dr. Haber, the antagonist of the story. He discovers Orr’s ability to dream a new realityRead MoreWhy Do People Come America? For Corn Dogs?1332 Words   |  6 PagesCorn Dogs? The Statue of Liberty? To be deported? If you were to ask someone who immigrated to America why they came they would not respond with any of those answers. People come to America for a chance at the â€Å"American Dream†, but what exactly is the â€Å"American Dream†? The American Dream is the belief that everyone has an equal opportunity to achieve success through hard work and determination. Through this there would be little to no class system permanently fixing someone to a definite status meaningRead MoreIn literature, symbols are used to add deeper meaning to the story or hint at an emotion or600 Words   |  3 Pagesthere was an old faded billboard of the eyes of T.J Eckleburg, Nick describes the billboard as â€Å"Blue and gigantic- their retinas are one yard high.they look out of no face,but, instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a non-existent nose.†(Fitzgerald 23).The Eyes of T.J Eckleburg symbolizes the corruption of society and also acts as a witness to the loss of spiritual value in America.During Wilson’s an d Myrtle’s argument â€Å" spoke to her (Myrtle),† â€Å"I told her she might fool

Language needs African American Language Free Essays

The difficult part of the Ebonics controversy is an extremely old problem in the United States that the status of African American as American and their dialect. It was greatly makes it difficult to develop a state national level educational policy for using it in the classroom as a way to move toward Standard American English that was long to implementation is local. It was probably standard when it we proposed for the state or in national, we run in to problem of identifying exactly what is the meaning of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Language needs African American Language or any similar topic only for you Order Now This problem can be Avoid by addressing the issue in less effective as â€Å"home language†. If in practice the policy were, directed generally at all home languages the special needs of African American Vernacular English speakers would be unaddressed. however, the policy were expanded to national educational policy directed at the African American Vernacular English there would be strong pressure to identify or even develop a standard version for African American English in order to properly implement. Which would continue to neglect those who do not speak the new standard, and worse it would result in the need for African Americans to learn two standards. The Standard English and African American English were the two standards that the African American needs to know. The validity and systematically of the home language is reasonable However, the use of contrastive analysis ends up sending exactly the message that the resolution was intend to eliminate. If the student’s home language is allowed in the classroom and then systematically translated by the teacher of Standard American English and then no matter what the language or method used there is the implication that what is being corrected is an mistake, the home language is in error. In this, such of way, the decision could result in even greater stigmatization of the African American Language than already exists. The proposal to use Bilingual education methodology to move one language system to another has intrinsic logic that there are systematic differences between two languages and the methods and materials have already been develop and tested. However, the message sent here in practice would be one that is consistent with the intent of the Ebonics Resolution. By classifying African Americans among immigrants populations and the implication is that, immigrants they remain outsiders until they were assimilate themselves to another language or culture. In effect there us an implication that African American do not gain their full citizenship by birth but earn the assimilating to American culture which by implication is a culture that is not their own. The status of the home language of African Americans is controversial even among those whose sociopolitical goals are one and the same providing equal opportunities for employment and education to a minority group that has historically received less that its fair share of the American trance. The issue remains contentious because nobody agree the use of their language variety towards African Americans. The United States continues to struggle with two worthy but often contradictory ideas in integration and the celebration of diversity. At the end, little was clarified or even changed by the Ebonics resolution but the African Americans continues to underachieve in the United States educational system nearly guarantees another discussion of this matter.    How to cite Language needs African American Language, Essay examples

Henry James Writings, Particularly ‘The Portrait Of A Lady’ Essay Example For Students

Henry James Writings, Particularly ‘The Portrait Of A Lady’ Essay I read this book out of interest for another Henry James piece, liking Daisy Miller so much. I found that this book, as in Daisy Miller, has a female point of interest throughout. Isabel Archer is a young American girl brought to Europe after her father has died in America. Isabel is an independent girl, easily noticed by many others in her circle. I felt that Isabel was a woman in her time, in that she took notice of things that she wouldn’t have without certain without the opportunities she was given. In America she would have see and done other things, but in Europe she saw so much opportunity. I like the carefree attitude she had, but with the regard for her elders and common courtesy. The example in the book about being a proper young lady when it was not looked at very well that she stay up ‘alone’ with her cousin and another young man. She had asked her aunt to help her and tell her when she is doing, or about to do something saw as improper. I admired that . I think nowadays young women would revolt against proper if it meant something they did not wish to do. We will write a custom essay on Henry James Writings, Particularly ‘The Portrait Of A Lady’ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Henry James’ writing was interesting to me in that he gave these characters a real life, with real life struggles and even consequences. I enjoy reading his work, very much like I enjoy watching and reading Jane Austen pieces as well. The time period is interesting to me and what is proper of a lady. That is a large piece of the world I do not understand. I am very much happy to see a woman and a man as equals. Of course there are things in society that women don’t do, or just aren’t a part of, but I am not one to be against that. What’s else interesting in the reading of ‘The Portrait of a Lady’ is that Isabel fell to something she would have been totally against if she had known the creature from another experience. The man she married was awful, and yet she married him with the idea that she was happy and that he was wonderful. He was exactly the type of man that, I think, kept her from getting married at all in the beginning. But, yet as a woman she felt the obligation to follow her husbands interests and thoughts, even though she was very much against them. Henry James initially describes a character as they enter the piece, but throws bits and pieces out as the book progresses to give the reader more to chew as they read. I like this strategy because it keeps the reader interested in what is going to happen or become of their favorite/least favorite character of the piece. The best is that all while the book the reader is told that Pansy’s mother has died and that she was raised by Mr. Osmond her entire life along with the convent. Pansy is a quiet girl, listens to her father, in fact obeys her father’s every wish. She does not want to disappoint father by doing anything he has forbidden. I find it interesting it is not until almost the very end of the book that we find out that Pansy is the daughter of Mrs. Merle and Mr. Osmond, during a 7-8 year affair. This is a character that James does not reveal much about, Mrs. Merle, only that she is a widow and a friend of Mrs. Touchett. I feel this information was key to the ent ire plot of the book, because knowing such things may have swayed the decision of Isabel to even be aquanted with either Mr. Osmond or Mrs. Merle in a friendly fashion. .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df , .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df .postImageUrl , .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df , .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df:hover , .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df:visited , .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df:active { border:0!important; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df:active , .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub762320efe154cf71af1d915971323df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gonorrhea EssayI see a character transition of Isabel, from a bright young vibrant adventurous lady, to a wife and mother to Pansy, with worries and responsibilities. Throughout the reading several characters note on how she has ‘changed’, which I don’t think she sees herself, until the day with her cousin when he is dying. Until that day, she knows she has made a terrible decision and will live with it, but does not tell anyone about it nor recognize the changes she has gone through in her journey. The cousin speaks to her of his mistake and how he has brought all this on her, because of the inheritance and apologizes, but Isabel fesses up to the mistakes she has made marrying Mr. Osmond. She also confesses that Mr. Osmond only married her for her money. This, I feel, is a real transition for Isabel to speak of. I feel that she only spoke of it because it was her best friend that she was talking to and that she truly loved her cousin, from the beginning as he did her. We will never know what has happened to Isabel, Pansy and the rest as all we know is Isabel went back for Rome. I feel this ending to be perfect. Those of us who want to, can believe that she went back, got Pansy and told Mr. Osmond off like she should have a long time ago. That’s probably not what she did though, knowing the time and what was expected. Also knowing that she did not want to be improper, changes what I wish she would have done, being in current time. I’d like to think that something did happen to Mr. Osmond to make him suffer the way Isabel has. I really enjoyed this book and will recommend it to anyone who enjoys Henry James or even the time period of the Jane Austen novels. I know that these types of pieces are considered realism, but I see some romanticism in it also. I see it in the idea of who will marry and to the person they will marry. The idea of being arranged to marry someone is also true in this piece. The thought of who and when to marry these days is a different sort of decision, most of the time. Then in that day, it was who was rich, important in society and maybe a good looking catch. But, now it’s about love and relationships and I don’t know how things have changed so much. Sometimes I wish that I’d been born back in those times, even if I don’t believe in some of the behavior. I will definitely buy another book from Henry James or another author similar to the pieces done by Henry James. I really enjoyed the thoughts I came upon while reading this book. The world was definitely a different place and women were definitely viewed and treated very differently than today. They were also treated differently than before this time, when they might have just gone along with what was expected of them. Women of this time had a certain independent nature, which they wished to explore whether they acted it out in such as way as Isabel Archer, Daisy Miller or another literary figure of that time. I think it was crucial to the development of society that is today and to the women’s movements of the past, present and future.

The Importance of Cleaning free essay sample

Issues surrounding cleaning can never be over analysed. At first glance cleaning may seem unenchanting, however its study is a necessity for any one wishing to intellectually advance beyond their childhood. Cited by many as the single most important influence on post modern micro eco compartmentalism, it is important to remember that ‘what goes up must come down. ’ Inevitably feelings run deep amongst the easily lead, many of whom fail to comprehend the full scope of cleaning. Here begins my indepth analysis of the glourious subject of cleaning. Social Factors Society is a simple word with a very complex definition. Back when Vealinger reamarked ‘the power struggle will continue while the great tale of humanity remains untold’ [1] he must have been referning to cleaning. Much has been said about the influence of the media on cleaning. Observers claim it is crunchy on the outside but soft in the middle. Some analysts have been tempted to disregard cleaning. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Cleaning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I haven’t. It has been said that the one thing in society which could survive a nuclear attack is cleaning. This is incorrect, actually cockroaches are the only thing which can survive a nuclear attack. Economic Factors Economics has been defined as Ill scratch your back if you scratch mine. To my learned ear that sounds like two people with itchy backs. Indisputably there is a link. How can this be explained? It goes with out saying that interest world wide are driven entirely by cleaning. Assumptions made by traders have caused uncertainty amongst the private sector. Political Factors Politics, we all agree, is a fact of life. Comparing the electoral politics of most Western and Eastern European countries is like comparing chalk and cheese. To quote award winning journalist Maximilian Woodpecker consciousness complicates a myriad of progressions. [2] I argue that his insight into cleaning provided the inspiration for these great words. Perhaps the word which sums up the importance of cleaning to politics is participation. While cleaning may be a giant amongst men, is it a dwarf amongst policy? I hope not. Conclusion How much responsibility lies with cleaning? We can say that cleaning parades along mans streets and man waves back. It inspires, applauds greatness, though cleaning brings with it obvious difficulties, it is truly cleaning. I shall give the final word to star Mariah Poppins: I demand cleaning, nothing more nothing less.

Child Labor In The Progressive Era 2nd Example

Child Labor In The Progressive Era 2nd Example Child Labor In The Progressive Era 2nd – Coursework Example Child Labor in the Progressive Era Child Labor in the Progressive Era The progressive error was indeed the time that American got rid of most of its problems that had been brought by the industrial era such as child labor. Children were servants and apprentices throughout most of human history, they worked long hours and in extremely dangerous factory conditions, but with little pay. Children worked to support their families and as a result never went to school. Child labor was not the issue that brought controversy in colonial America, earlier families hired out their children to work on other farms1. Furthermore, industries later on provided a new opportunity before child labor finally declined in the 19th century. The thesis is sound, and the evidences present are overwhelming.If there were no child labor that is attributed to the industrial error, there would not have been activist to speak out and condemn the vicious act that the children were going through in their lives. Activ ists such as Grace Abbott, who joined the labor department and assigned to the children’s bureau in 1917 and later 1921 headed the office leading the campaign for a constitutional amendment limiting child labor. Jane Addams and Lewis Hine were also early advocates of children in Industrial America.New supply of child labor was matched with the significant increase in industries that needed cheap labor for statistics putting it at 25% of employees in 1900.2 Education reformists were able to convince a considerable number of America’s population on the importance of primary schooling for both personal fulfillment and betterment of the country. Further more, challenges were posed by the influx of immigrants, for instance, the Irish in the 1840s that provided a new pool of child workers.BibliographyCathy L. McHugh, Mill family: the labor system in the Southern cotton textile industry, 1880-1915, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 17.Hindman, Hugh, Child Labor, (Arm onk: M.E. Sharpe, 2007), 129.

Advance Diploma Hospitality of Management

The budget analysis of the hotel is based on existing budget report and the proposed budgets for improvement are shown below as follows: The present budget estimation has total expenditure of $67000. The cost of the various item such as Accommodation, Equipment, Food/Catering, Recreational Hall, Round tables with chairs, Lights on the last day for music carnival, Small stage for speeches and individual performance, small bouquets and transportation facilities provide to the customers comprises of the various costing components in the financial budgeting procedure. It has been observed that the rooms with single bed will cost $200 per night. The total cost for the required 30 beds have been observed as $16000. The equipments required such as projectors, microphones and sound system has further requirements of $2800. The food and catering cost is $19000. These costs include the food which is given in the menu list, dietary requirements and room service related costs. The recreation hall further needs an accommodation capacity of 200 people. This cost has been estimated to be $ 9000. The cost related to the tables and chairs has been estimated to be $ 10000.These items include 15 tables, consisting of 11 table and ten chairs. The expenses of the lighting charges for the purpose of last day celebration on the occasion of carnival and musical night are estimated to be $ 6950. The small stage setup for the purpose of speech and performance of the individual members has been observed as $1900. This particular cost is based on the area of the stage wh ich is 5x7 meters. The cost for the purpose of floral decoration has been observed AS $1700. The several cost components for this purpose includes entry decoration, stage decoration and decoration in the centers and buffet. The costs for 28 small bouquets have been observed as $1850. This component includes selection of the bouquets of orange, red and white color of flowers. The transport of the passengers of the cost has been estimated as $ 49000. This cost includes the cost involved in taking the guest for the purpose of sightseeing. The cost for the aforementioned items has been observed as $57000. This shows that as the budget of the company is $67000 the company will earn a profit of $ 10,000.  Ã‚   The recommended budget has been suggested to the International Hotel Group for the purpose of improving the present budget activities and increasing the profit aspect of the company. According to the revised budget the accommodation charges for the rooms with single beds has been estimated to be $ 9000 as the cost 30 bed has been considered as $300 per night. The equipment charges related to the projectors, microphones and sound system has been reduced to $ 1000. Based on the revised budget the cost related to the food and catering business has been reduced to $ 5040. The cost of the recreation hall has been observed as $8570. The costs related to the round tables with chairs have been further reduced to $1050. The cost of the small stage for the purpose of speech and individual performance has been reduced to $ 580. The cost associated with the floral decorations has been reduced to $640. The cost of the 28 small bouquets of various colors has been further reduced down from $ 1850 t o $ 560. The transportation cost of the passengers has been brought down from $ 4900 to $ 550. Based on the above discussed cases it has been observes that the present cost of the related items of the Hotel is $30010. Based on the estimated total budget aspect the total profit after the revised budget report has been observed as $ 36990. This shows an increase of more than $ 26000 than the existing budget. The various cost drivers associated has been changed on the basis of prioritizing the importance of the cost component based on the individual activities. For example previous provision of the deluxe rooms in the expected budget has been reduced by providing standard rooms. The cost of the flower decoration has been reduced from the previous estimation of $ 1700 to $ 640. This reduction has been done by considering inferior quality of flowering rather than including superior set of flower in the previous set of budget report. Due to the similar reason the price the small bouquets has also been reduced in compare to the existing budget.   It can observe that of the recrear5ion hall has been reduced to a great extent as the charge of recreational hall is more or less fixed in nature. The comparison of the budget report shows that the cost of $ 9000 has been reduced to only $ 8570 in the new budget proposal. Hence we can see that on the basis of new budget, the company is able to increase the profit amount by more than 40%.  Ã‚   Fatahi, S., Nozari, S.M. and Nejad, M.J., 2014. An investigation of the Impact of Performance Audit on Improving the Productivity of (Financial and Budget) Public Sector Capital Resources. Advances in Environmental Biology, pp.512-522. Keating, S.B., 2014. Financial Support and Budget planning for Curriculum Development or Revision. Curriculum Development and Evaluation in Nursing, p.169. SHAN, B. and CAI, J., 2013. Development of Executive Control System of Financial Budget Based on Web in Vocational Colleges [J]. Journal of Tianjin Vocational Institutes, 4, p.022.   Wei, F., 2015. Research on Financial Budget Performance Audit Platform Construction By Information System.

Public International Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Public International Law - Coursework Example The paper throws light on international laws, the laws which govern the relations of states and the global community in general. Fiore discusses that the goal of international law is to evaluate and establish international rights and duties which must be fulfilled by all members of the international community. Its goal is also to establish the legal rules which are applicable to these rights and duties and the legal remedies available to ensure compliance. For this reason, it is therefore important to establish first which the subjects and persons who are to enjoy and lay claim to these rights and duties. There are various subjects and objects of international law, and the most common of these are the states. A state, as defined by Article 1 of Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, is an entity possessing of the four elements: permanent population, defined territory, government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. In order for a state to be considered as such – and therefore entitled to the rights and burdened with the responsibilities of international law – it must fulfil these requirements of statehood. The first element of statehood is a permanent population. There is no actual minimum numerical requirement for state population, only that it must be permanent; and by permanent, it means that the people must have an intention to occupy a territory permanently. The population must also be big enough to ensure the smooth implementation of policies and manageable enough for the state to govern. The state must also have a defined territory with its boundaries defined and occupied by its population. This state must also have a government. A government includes executive, legislative, and executive functions which help promote the smooth management of political processes5. Such a state must also be sovereign and independent; in other words, not subject to the whims or control of other states6. Lastly, a stat e is also one which has the ability to enter into relations with other states. This capacity is based on the existence of the government and of sovereignty and independence. Thereupon, control of an entity by another state or political entity would likely negate independence, and would also negate the capacity to enter into relations with other states7. An entity fulfilling the above elements would be subject to international rights and responsibilities. These states would therefore have the right to self-determination, or the right to be free of any territorial changes which would be against their political mandates8. It also refers to the right to be free of interference in their political and economic activities. This right is based on prohibitions imposed as a means of establishing distance from the practice of colonialism and imperialism which used to dominate human history. A state is therefore subject to various rights and responsibilities. In general, a state would have the competence to carry out acts in the international arena, enter into and make treaties, as well as similar agreements9. These states are also â€Å"exclusively competent with respect to their internal affairs-â€Å"exclusive† means plenary and not subject to control by other States†10. Crawford also discusses that states cannot be subjected to international processes and activities without their express consent11. They are also considered as entities which stand on equal ground12. These rights and responsibilities govern international relations and violations of these responsibilities would make a state liable and subject to international laws and policies. Non-state entities, like Kosovo, Somalia, and Taiwan, do not enjoy these same rights and are not dealt with as states. For example Taiwan cannot enter into a treaty with another state,

Compare and Contrast Nurse Practitioners and Clinical Nurse Essay

Compare and Contrast Nurse Practitioners and Clinical Nurse Specialists - Essay Example They can specialize with regard to the situation and setting where they want to work that is whether in the emergency room or in acute care settings. They may also be specialized with regard to a particular pathology like cancer or some other disease. Other fields that they can choose include the type of health care which may be mental health or associated with psychotherapy. On the other hand a Nurse Practitioner is another field of nursing in which the nurses are assigned to work in different specialized settings. The main aim of the nurse practitioner is to provide the most basic healthcare to the patients. They can also opt for specializing in particular fields which include family health, health of the elderly or pediatric health. Psychiatric health is another optional field of specialization that is common to both the nurse practitioner and the clinical nurse specialist. The clinical nurse specialist and the nurse practitioners work in different health care organizations. The c linical nurse specialists are more associated with the hospitals as well as the community healthcare centers. They may also work in teaching institutions as well as in the offices. They can also be found in the psychiatric health care centers. The nurse practitioners are basically assigned to work with particular doctors and physicians. They may be found mainly in clinics and for outpatient health care departments for the patients. But they may also be found in hospitals. The Clinical Nurse Specialist and the Nurse Practitioner both acquire these positions after doing their masters degree plan. An interesting difference between the two of these fields is that a nurse practitioner is allowed to write out prescriptions whereas a clinical nurse specialist is not allowed to do so. If he wishes to prescribe than he must obtain a special permission for this purpose. Another major difference seen is that nurse practitioners are mainly seen to be working with physicians and doctors and they also need to have certificates from these physicians which specify the amount of authority that they have with regard to the healthcare services that they can provide. On the other hand, Clinical nurse specialists are mainly seen in organizations like hospitals and they have the work of supervising the nurses and assisting them in providing the best possible care to the patients. Also the Nurse Practitioner has a greater interaction and communication directly with the patients as they are a part of the outpatient departments and are involved more in basic health care facilities for the patients. On the other hand the Clinical Nurse Specialist works more in a hospital environment and has a lower interaction with individual patients. Clinical Nurse Specialists are also a part of associations and groups of nurses where they work together on joint programs and in collaboration with other nurses. They are also actively involved in teaching, in providing clinical advice, dealing with pat ients and are part of researches. Thus they have an all round goal of working in an effective manner to improve the healthcare facilities and provide quality care for the patients. The aim of the Nurse Practit

A Note on Cheerleading Essay Example for Free

A Note on Cheerleading Essay Cheerleading. When you hear that word, what do you think about? Snobby, skinny blonde girls that have nothing else to do in life besides smile and wear short skirts? Well, when I hear that word, I think of confident, courageous and athletic young women who have a chance to be someone else on a gym floor. Cheerleading is full of so many opportunities! I’ve been a cheerleader for four years and it has done so many things. But before that all happened, my life was just simple. I was nervous to talk in crowds, my face turned red when people wanted to speak to me, and I acted shy in many other ways. I wouldn’t say I was a nobody. I mean, I was a somebody, but just not a positive, talkative student who enjoyed attention. In 7th grade, signing up for cheerleading was a hassle. I didn’t want to sign up all by myself. So I convinced some of my friends to sign up with me. Unfortunately, they quit right before try-outs because they weren’t that interested anymore. So basically, I felt all by myself. But I hung on. I cheered all the cheers, chanted all the chants, stretched all the stretches, and jumped all the jumps. Cheerleading was fun. It changed my life in just three months. I felt as if I was â€Å"coming out of my shell.† But more was to come freshman year. Signing up for cheerleading in freshmanwas easy. But it was the wait for the season to actually start that was aggravating! Eventually, time slowly came by and it was , 2009, the first day of practice, and that was a wake-up call. There was a new, more professional coach, and only one girl from last year was back to be on the squad. So it was time to meet other people for a change and make more friends. New cheers were being taught from the captains of the High School Cheerleaders. Who knew that I’d get the highest score in try-outs and become head captain? Well, I did, and a captain is supposed to lead everyone. That’s what let me be myself. I was able to help everyone understand what to do, when to do it, and stand in front of a crowd by having a different uniform than the other non-captains on the team. Games are my favorite. Just running onto the floor is a rush, and I plan to do that for at least four more years. Yes, I want to be on the High School Cheerleading squad! I’m confident I will make it, and I’m not scared to try. The high school coach has been to some of our practices and I could tell she was impressed. I guess I have to wait a year to see what she says. GO, BULLDOGS! As you can see, there’s been a drastic before and after. Before, I was a shy girl who was just average. Now, I’m a young woman who has a good sense of self-confidence!

Husain Haddawy’s The Arabian Nights and Zora Neale Hurston’s Mules and

Husain Haddawy’s The Arabian Nights and Zora Neale Hurston’s Mules and Men - Revealing the Conflicts, Desires and Dreams of the Collector "For the translator, who stands astride two cultures, possesses two different sensibilities, and assumes a double identity" —Husain Haddawy Magic, love, sex, war, gods, spells. These are all common ingredients in the folktales of almost every culture. Many people say that folktales are windows to cultures. That might be so. Often readers do not realize, though, that folktales also reflect aspects of the collectors. Zora Neale Hurston’s Mules and Men and Husain Haddawy’s The Arabian Nights, in addition to offering insight into southern African-American culture and Arabic culture, reveal the collectors to the audience; the collectors’ desire to reconcile with their past, to be accepted by their reader as legitimate representatives of that culture whether by being an insider or both insider and outsider to the culture, and to be heroic cultural interpreters with the goal of educating and informing the reader. There are many reasons and motivations behind Hurston’s compilation of African-American folktales, but one that is often overlooked is her personal need to reconcile her intellectual, White, Barnard-educated life with her traditional roots in Eatonville, Florida. In her introduction Hurston writes: From the earliest rocking of my cradle, I had known about the capers Brer Rabbit is apt to cut and what the Squinch Owl says from the house top. But it was fitting me like a tight chemise. I couldn’t see it for wearing it. It was only when I was off in college, away from my native surroundings, that I could see myself like somebody else and stand off and look at my garment. Then ... ...nd the present culture of the audience, which they intended to reach. Haddawy and Hurston sought acceptance from the reader and thus emphasized the legitimacy of their works whether by establishing themselves as an insider or as both an insider and outsider to their respective cultures. Moreover, by proving the ‘superior’ authenticity of their works in comparison to previous works, they offer themselves as ‘heroes,’bringing forth insights of the culture of their youth to the reader. Indeed, The Arabian Nights and Mules and Men are not only collections of magical folktales: They reveal the inner conflicts, desires and dreams of the translator and collector themselves. Works Cited 1) Zora Neale Hurston, Mules and Men (New York: Harper Perennial, 1990). 2) Husain Haddawy, The Arabian Nights, trans. Husain Haddawy, ed. Muhsin Mahdi (New York: Norton, 1990).

Lord of the Flies Roger Character Study

Roger is one of the antagonists in the novel, Lord of the Flies, and the decisions that he makes have major impact on the unfolding of the story. He is introduced as a slightly built boy who is shy, secretive and keeps to himself. Rather than let Jack automatically become the leader, Roger suggests that they have a vote. This demonstrates how at the start he was a civilized person who knew what was proper and just to do, rather than simply allowing the loudest voice to get their way. Roger is shown to be a bully as he constantly picks on the littluns by destroying their sandcastles, throwing sand in their eyes and throwing rocks at them. By Rogers own nature he really wanted to hit the boys with the stones but was held back by society’s conditioning of his behavior and as a result missed every time. In the hunt his true sadistic nature is further evidenced by his excessive violence towards the pig. This all demonstrates that he had made a conscious decision to follow Jack rather than Ralph as this allowed him to foster his dark intentions even though he knew that this was morally wrong. He chose to be involved in the frenzy that lead to the brutal murder of Simon and afterwards showed no remorse for his actions. Therefore civilization was being removed as an inhibiting factor and Roger became increasingly more primitive and savage in his behaviour. When Roger hears of Jack’s intentions to beat Wilfred he hurries back to the tribe so that he can torture him himself, showing the further lost of any control society once had on him. When he was looking down at Piggy from his vantage point at Castle Rock, his only thoughts about Piggy were that he was a â€Å"bag of fat†, highlighting Rogers’s now clearly evident complete lack of empathy for others. By this stage Roger is well and truly a savage with no more restraints of civilization and because of this he gave into his sadistic urges and pushed the boulder off the cliff, killing Piggy. In dealing with newly captive Sam and Eric, Roger asserts authority through violence and forces them to join the tribe and tell him of Ralph’s whereabouts, expressing his disregard for conventional authority. The next day Roger sets out with Jack on the hunt for Ralph with the intention of killing him and impaling him so that he can offer him to the Beast. At this point Roger exemplifies the complete breakdown of the boys’ behaviour from a civilized Christian background to a Pagan tribe. However he is stopped utterly in his tracks when the naval officer appears and he is dragged back to reality. In a flash the sight of a representative of civilisation from a screaming savage and has brought back all the memories of humanity. Rogers’s decisions reflect how his character gradually disintegrated under the breakdown of order. To me Roger is a despicable and reprehensible character who illustrates the worst aspects of humanity.

R – 7 Scandal – Boston Post Magazine

The breakthrough of the century could have been the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) or more commonly termed as R – 7. With two and a half years of research, Dr. Cliff Bannaker has worked on this virus from its very conception up to its ‘coming out’ at Glass-Mendelssohn laboratory. This particular drug is banked on as the possible cure to cancer. The Glass-Mendelssohn laboratory is at the heart of Harvard University’s Philpott Institute. The Director is Dr. Sandy Glass, whose given name is Sam Glazeroff, who is a descendant of Eastern European Jews. On the other hand, his co- director Marrion Mendelssohn, is a product of Franz Applebaum at Columbia. This is also where she met her husband Jacob, who in turn was a researcher – turned professor, now teaching microbiology at a local college. Dr. Cliff Bannaker is one of the most promising young doctors from Stanford. He was under the mentoring of the deceased Professor Oppenheimer. He is a son of Los Angeles store owners, who are both are college degree holders. He has been in the laboratory for three years being hired under the recommendations of Professor Oppenheimer. The laboratory is staffed with a few post – doctorate degree holders and two laboratory technicians. The doctor’s are Dr. Robin Drecker, Dr. Xiang Feng, Dr. Prithwish and the man who created the virus Dr. Cliff Bannaker. Their qualified laboratory technicians are Aidan and Natalya. The RVS was first introduced by Bannaker during his entry in the laboratory. He was given the opportunity to do his research. Such project initially showcased high potential for turning cancer cells into normal ones but it is worthy to note that this was not the only research done within the laboratory. However, even if this one has the highest prospect, there was a failure on the initial experiment with live subjects. With such, the directors had advised Bannaker to stop his experiment on RSV and work with fellow doctor Drecker, who is also Bannaker’s girlfriend. However, with intractable spirit (or frankly insubordination), Bannaker continued to inject live subjects, in this case- mice, with the virus. The RSV’s second attempt found several nude mice, which are those that do not have hair due to some disorder, that did not have the cancerous tumors after the injection of RSV. This was found by Dr. Feng who is the laboratory’s record keeper and the co-director Mendelssohn. The initial reaction is to ‘hide’ this from the director Glass. Nevertheless, this was also subsequently revealed. The restless but close to unproductive laboratory, with contagious glee probably from their director, eagerly proceeded with an announcement. With whirlwind speed, the research findings were published in a scientific journal, Nature. The laboratory gained publicity and funding for the venture. Consequently, the laboratory started its own quandary. The doctors who tried to replicate the results were unsuccessful. Thus, suspicion ignited in each in every doctor who tried unsuccessfully. The suspicions of the issue went into a full-blown investigation complete with Congressional hearing, wherein one of the doctors of the same laboratory became, so to speak, the whistle-blower of the whole charade. Drecker was also accused of holding professional jealousy against the people who strongly (though baselessly) believed in the work of Bannaker. At the same manner, such actions of the laboratory elicited commentary from the whole medical field. Not to mention, those in politics, in business as well as all people connected with what happened and the general public. How the ‘R – 7 Scandal’ violated Ethics in Research The whole ‘R – 7 scandal’ is composed of ethical and moral violations that deserve to be scrutinized both from the researchers’ ethical standards and from the perspective of the general public. Researchers have ethical standards that are built as a two way shield, as a protection for the general public and as flight leverage for the researchers. When researchers conduct certain studies, there are sets of ethical guidelines that should be followed. Although different field of studies have different sets of guidelines, there are still parallelism in such that every research should follow. Bannaker is probably an honest researcher who did not have the heart for a failed research. Honesty is a major ethical issue with the ‘R – 7 Scandal’ where the truth about the whole issue may never be entirely given light, or perhaps there will still be doubts as to the real occurrence of the whole fiasco. Not only did Bannaker twisted honestly but it also has something to do with the directors, Mendelssohn and Glass. Mendelssohn and Glass are the directors of the laboratory and their honesty is a very crucial for the integrity of the researches done under their leadership. They have the bestowed responsibility to make sure that the results are not manipulated in a dishonest way. Such actions have compromised not only themselves, but all the past and current researches done by the staff under their command. This leads to yet another issue of carefulness. Whether the scandal is a product of carelessness or dishonesty, all that are responsible have still forgotten to take into consideration this ethical virtue. As a result, irresponsible publication is observed. Responsible publication should be in line with the researchers’ openness to the results of their studies, as well as, to gear towards advancement of the field. Bannaker have apparently underestimated Drecker where some reports have said that prior to the deemed termination of Bannaker’s RSV, he was already asked to help Drecker in her research. However, Bannaker refused for unconfirmed reason where he thinks of her research as not ambitious enough. That alone is a breach of research ethics in terms of respecting one’s colleague in terms of their work. Responsible mentoring, that should also been practiced by Mendelssohn and Glass, have also failed miserably. They have forgotten to follow procedures like replicating the study just to make sure that the results are both conclusive and reliable. Apparently, key players of the scandal have all been seduced by the fame, honor and the seemingly ‘infinite’ grants for the laboratory. At the same time, Drecker, whether her intentions are due to integrity or to professional jealousy, her respect for the truth is ambiguous. In addition to this, researches now also possess legal values. Remember that anything anyone does is under laws and regulations. Consequently, such actions should be appended with legality. The same is true for those who are soliciting for grants or funding from various institutions. How the general public is mislead The public who had high hopes of finding the cure for cancer has been disappointed. In UK alone, there are approximately 289,000 people who are diagnosed with cancer every year, according to Cancer Research UK. Furthermore, there are 150,000 cancer deaths each year which actually boil down to an estimated one death every four minutes. Imagine how many people became disheartened by the revelation that the RSV is a hoax. Social responsibility is a research ethic that should have been treated with respect. Lives are being played at as well as emotions, not only of the people with cancer but the families and friends as well. Thus, nobody have the right to have been as irresponsible as what have happened in the research failure. Clearly, people have expected more ethics from doctors. Generally, people do not condemn any doctor who are ‘not producing’ any results for their studies. Most are even understanding of such, and in turn are more conscious, respectful and appreciative of those trying to come up with advances especially in the medical field. The general public has such high respect of people who have dedicated their lives for the advancement of our lives. Without such people, the conveniences that are enjoyed today may never have come into being. Nevertheless, with such trust, the doctors – researchers should always take into consideration the people, patients and families alike, they serve and not their personal gains. The actions of the individuals from the Glass-Mendelssohn laboratory have affected the lives of many around the world. The gain only belonged to those who have received the fame, grants and all other benefits associated with it, but the suffering is left to those who had tried to hold on for the sake of the ray of hope shed by the results of the failed study. Indeed, such actions have left more scars of frustrations for the people suffering from cancer as well as their families. Lesson Learned Doctors are also human beings that have rooms for mistakes. The ‘R- 7 Scandal’ is a result of carelessness, hasty decisions and hidden agendas. The whole mess serves as a wake up call both for researchers, politicians, grant agencies and the general public. The world of research should be focused on ethical and moral bases. Grant agencies, on the other hand, should be able to create a reliable system of negotiating with research organization on how these organizations can achieve support from them. Politicians should also be able to find more ways for some research laboratories to have funding so that such laboratories would not depend on grants. Thus, less pressure on ‘producing’ results just to acquire funds for continuing research. The general public should also carry at least an ounce of skepticism to avoid the disappointment brought about by failed researches. Looking into the bright side, the study only reached global fame in terms of the research scandals. However, it has not sickened the otherwise, already sick patients, or worse killed them. Far more damage and responsibility could have been the result of such. Therefore, the whole ‘R – 7 Scandal’ should be a reminder of how every single agency and group of individuals should, at least, carry common honesty, careful planning, untainted agenda and uncorrupted social responsibility in making conclusions. Probably, the next time researchers have discovered a cure for cancer or anything resembling such, they would be more responsible and critical.

Indian removal assignment Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Indian removal assignment Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Yasmine Gist U.S History John Paris 28 November 2018 Indian Removal Jackson says that taking over the native land will help to provide resources for the natives. This is positive because the Natives will have access to resources they did not have before. Jackson also thought that taking over their land would help to civilize the native people. If the Natives where under his power, he believed the natives would advance. Jackson also believed that the Native Americans were falling apart so if they were placed under his rule then it would make them stronger and have a better bond. Jackson thinks the white race is superior because he thinks the Natives should join his race. Jackson saying that taking over their land will help them be more civilized is pro-white because he's basically saying that white people are more civilized people and that the natives are not and because of that we can fix them. Jackson also assumes that his race has more resources making his to assume whites have better advancements. I believe we should condemn these goals these goals as paternalistic arrogance. I believe that humans have a basic understanding of what is right and what is wrong. I don't think Jackson had good intentions. The natives were human beings that were treated awful and Jackson thought he was inferior. Jackson suggest a compromise between the Natives and the Americans. The compromise suggest that the Natives migrate past the Mississippi if they want to continue their Native culture. Jackson proposes this because then the Natives can have their own space but if they do choose to stay, they have to follow Jackson's laws. This is the most beneficial policy for Natives because Jackson is giving them a choice and they are not being forced. Both have a Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branch and also promise to a fair trial. These promises are both in the Cherokee Constitution and the U.S constitution. The Authors would not be happy with Jacksons civilizing goals. I believe they would have been insulted because in a lot of ways they have similarities and could have worked together, but instead Jackson in a way wanted to have control over them. "Chiefs, head-men and warriors! Will you then, by resistance, compel us to resort to arms? God forbid! Or will you, by flight, seek to hid yourselves in mountains and forests, and thus oblige us to hunt you down? Remember that, in pursuit, it may be impossible to avoid conflicts." I don't think it was necessary to to say to the Natives that they would get hunted down if they didn't obey. It Sounds like they would kill them. "The blood of the white man or the blood of the red man may be spilt, and, if spilt, however accidentally, it may be impossible for the discreet and humane among you, or among us, to prevent a general war and carnage. "This was also not necessary to threaten the Natives with a bloody war. One hardship the Natives endured was the cruel treatment they received from the soilders. Natives were whipped and arrested if they did not follow direct orders. Another hardship was the conditions the Natives had to travel. They did not have the resources to survive so a lot of Natives died. Both of these hardships could have been avoided if the Americans let them be and not force them to leave their homes. Since Americans were forcing the Natives out, they could of provided an adequate amount of resources but they didn't. "Murder is murder, and somebody must answer. Somebody must explain the streams of blood that flowed in the Indian country in the summer of 1838. Somebody must explain the 4000 silent graves that mark the trail of the Cherokees to their exile. I wish I could forget it all, but the picture of 645 wagons lumbering over the frozen ground with their cargo of suffering humanity still lingers in my memory." It is clear in this statement he regrets it because he says he wish he could forget it all and that murder is bad. "Truth is, the facts are being concealed from the young people of today. School children of today

Rodney King Riots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rodney King Riots - Essay Example The riots caused a great deal of damage and injury and remain one of the most violent periods in the history of the city. The present research looks into the causes of the riots, the events that led up to them, the evidence that was brought forward and decisions handed down and how this news was received by the greater community. The immediate and long-term effects of the riots will be examined and the lessons learned will be explored. In 1991, a man named Rodney King was brutally beaten up by four police officers and the video recording of the incident had been publicized. The LAPD officers were put on trial for this controversial incident after the video was released. This caused it to stay in the center of the public eye. The verdicts handed down as a result of the trial amazed the public because only one officer was found guilty of the excessive use of force that all four officers were seen to take part in within the video. The other officers were released with no further charges or punishment (Los Angeles Times, April 29th 1992). The video coverage of the trials and verdicts angered the populace who perhaps felt threatened that the same thing might someday happen to them. They reacted in masses as hundreds of Black people filled the streets to share their anger and disbelief. This negative emotion fed on itself and began to tip over into violence. \ The result was the riots which have jarred the nerves of eve ryone involved. Three days of violence followed. Four thousand National Guardsmen were deployed to re-establish law and order. Live news television coverage showed fires raging in various parts of the city started by the rioters. People were rioting and looting and assaulting innocent bystanders leading to utter havoc in the heart of the city. By the time the riots were brought under control, the death toll was 50 and more than 4,000 people were injured. Property damage was assessed at $1 billion and 12,000

Emergency Response and Promoting Safety Research Paper

Emergency Response and Promoting Safety - Research Paper Example An emergency action plan is crucial because it reduces the number of casualties of a particular emergency. In this case, the severity of injuries is also reduced considerably. The plan also enhances swift evacuation of people and property, which is under threat. The response to an emergency helps calm down an overwrought situation to avoid further havoc. The innovative methods used to keep workers safe and healthy includes training on the response to emergencies. The other method used is continuous evaluation of the emergency plan instituted to grasp the strategies applied during the emergencies. The company can also offer to train the employees on the usage of workplace machines and equipment to reduce the probability of an accident. The methods are useful in a construction company in the sense that they ensure that they enable the employees to take precautions while working. According to Goetsch (2010), a construction company is prone to many risks including falling objects. The methods will ensure that the employees are aware of the guidelines for emergencies and the response actions required. The training carried out ensures that the team promptly responds to an emergency. Training also equips the workforce with proficient skills on safety and health standards. Safety in a construction company is important because machines do most of the construction activities. For that reason, there are high chances of machine accidents owing to power failure, machine faultiness, and employee carelessness. Incentive programs can be employed in a construction company in a bid to promote the safety of the employees (Goetsch, 2010). Incentive programs ensure that employees who complete their tasks without any injury receive rewards. The initiative will ensure that all construction employees work towards minimizing accidents.  

Chinese Economic Reforms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinese Economic Reforms - Research Paper Example The agreement presents significant competitive opportunities in the financial sector." (Ostry, et.al., 2003). As the Chinese economy continues to growopens up and competes with other industrialized economies, around the world, effective market and monetary policies and objectives demand close attention. Sustainable growth of the economy will be possible if viable macro and micro economic policies are in place and take into account such variables such as inflation objectives, flexibility of lending institutions in the face of changing interest rates, rate of credit growth, continuing economic reforms and exchange rates. The dissertation will first examine Chinese economic reform and compile a body of literature offering objective analysis of key elements of the reform process, with a bias towards monetary policies, exchange rates and inflation. This work aims toe sole significance of this endeavor is to investigate unearth the main economic reforms and monetary policiescardinal arteries informing and shaping the Chinese economic status especially in regard to short term and long term inflation and exchange rates. Secondly, the dissertation will examine the monetary policies adopted by PBC in controlling inflation and exchange rates. ... Theory1 The monetarist theory posits that mismanagement of the primary cause of inflation is how the money in supply is the primary cause of inflation. is managed. Inflation can also be linked toPrincipally, the cause of inflation is pegged on the flexibility of the lending process. As such, inflation will largely depend to a large extent, on how flexible or inflexible the lending institutions are and the levels of interest rates levels as well. Monetarists do no't believe that fiscal policies and taxation have very as having little effect on to do with controlling inflation control (Paul, 2000). Mathematicallaccording to the my, monetarists' theory, a product of the total value of money in circulation and the velocity of the money is directly proportional to the product of the average price level and the index of the real values of expenditures. expounds that M.V=P.Q In the formula: M is the total value of money in circulation, V is the velocity of money, P is the average price level and Q is the index of the real values of expenditures. Key highlights: a) the average price level is a variable influenced by the magnitude of economic activities(Q), total value of money(M), and the velocity of money(V) b) The key influencing variable of prices level is fluctuations in the amount of money available. c) If the velocity of money is constant (though in reality it is not possible) , the supply of money will determine value of nominal output. d) Assuming that the velocity of money is fairly constant, then the level of inflation will be equal to the difference between long run growth rate of money supply and long run growth rate of real

Mini project 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mini project 2 - Assignment Example From picture 1, there are two main loads that acting on the bridge. These are 1.Dead load, This refer s to the permanent weight of both the structured and non –structure component of the bridge. This include the roadway used by the vehicle on the object , sidewalk and the attached equipments. Dead loads on a bridge are based on material unit and are based on material unit and are of constant magnitude. On designing a bridge dead load, must be estimated. In order to counteracted the resultant effects of the external loads, it is good to compute the final dead load of individual portions of the bridge structure before designing the final supporting members. This refers to the weight of the vehicle that cross the bridge. Each of these individual vehicles comprises of a series of concentrated moving loads that vary in spacing and magnitude. When the loads move, a number of changes are generated in shears, reaction and moments in the members of the structure. The extent of these resultant forces depend on the number of spacing, weight and the position of the loads on the span. To produce the maximum impacts for each stress, the designer must position the line vehicle loads well. From picture 1, it is true that when a piece of material e.g. steel or a steel reinforced concrete is stressed by a force of granite due to the load of the vehicle, the cross sectional material does several things. In general the top must compress [compression forces ] and the bottom must stretch [Tensional forces]. This gives rise to the following stresses as shown in the picture 1. This is the stress that

La Bolsa De Valores De Colombia

La Bolsa De Valores De Colombia QUE ES UNA BOLSA DE VALORES Una bolsa de valores es un establecimiento, que puede ser pà ºblico o privado, autorizado por los gobiernos de los paà ­ses, en el cual se negocian (compran y venden) tà ­tulos valores como acciones, bonos, tà ­tulos de deuda pà ºblica etc. La negociacià ³n de los tà ­tulos la realizan personas autorizadas las cuales se denominan corredores de bolsa (|brokers en ingles). Los corredores de bolsa son intermediarios entre un vendedor y un comprador de tà ­tulos, generalmente representan a uno de à ©stos y negocian por orden de à ©ste. Por realizar esta actividad, los corredores de bolsa cobran una comisià ³n. Sà ³lo los corredores de bolsa autorizados pueden llevar a cabo las negociaciones. Existe una serie de exigencias y normas muy estrictas que los rigen tanto a ellos como a las empresas que deseen negociar sus valores en la bolsa. Lo anterior permite que los inversionistas (personas o empresas que quieran invertir dinero en tà ­tulos valores) sientan confianza y seriedad a la hora de negociar en la bolsa. Las bolsas, por lo tanto, se pueden considerar como un mercado centralizado y regulado (mercado que recibe el nombre de MERCADO BURSATIL. Este mercado le permite a las empresas financiar sus proyectos y actividades a travà ©s de la venta de tà ­tulos. Igualmente, permite a los inversionistas opciones de inversià ³n a travà ©s de la compra de los tà ­tulos. Existen bolsas de valores en muchos lugares del mundo: ciudades importantes como Nueva York, capitales de paà ­ses como es el caso de Londres o Tokio, etc. Es importante anotar que las bolsas se comunican entre sà ­. HISTORIA DE LA BOLSA DE VALORES DE COLOMBIA La Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (BVC), creada el 3 DE JULIO DEL 2001, es el à ºnico mercado de acciones y otros valores de Colombia organizado a travà ©s de la estructura de bolsa. Anteriormente operaban tres bolsas de valores independientes Bolsa de Bogotà ¡ (1928), Bolsa de Medellà ­n (1961) y Bolsa de Occidente (Cali, 1983) que se fusionaron para crear la BVC. Tiene oficinas en Bogotà ¡, Medellà ­n, Cali, Barraquilla y Pereira. El resto del mercado se organiza a travà ©s de sistemas centralizados de transaccià ³n de operaciones que no hacen parte de la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia. MISION DE LA BOLSA DE VALORES DE COLOMBIA Contribuir al crecimiento y desarrollo del mercado de capitales a travà ©s de la canalizacià ³n del ahorro hacia la inversià ³n productiva mediante la administracià ³n de mercados eficientes, transparentes, equitativos, competitivos, seguros y supervisados, en beneficio de emisores, inversionistas e intermediarios, y generar valor para sus accionistas mediante un adecuado equilibrio entre los objetivos de rentabilidad y el desarrollo de los objetivos de mediano y largo plazo. VISION DE LA BOLSA DE VALORES DE COLOMBIA En el 2015 la BVC serà ¡ el principal foro de negociacià ³n de activos financieros en el paà ­s, administrando un 55% del total transado en el mercado nacional. Para lograrlo, la organizacià ³n crearà ¡ valor para sus accionistas, trabajarà ¡ en conjunto con intermediarios y reguladores, ejecutarà ¡ procesos confiables orientados estratà ©gicamente hacia los resultados e incorporarà ¡ el mejor capital humano y tecnolà ³gico disponible. VALORES DE LA BOLSA DE COLOMBIA ïÆ' ¼ Excelencia o aquello que hacemos y cuando lo hacemos proactivamente bien. ïÆ' ¼ Liderazgo o el deber para crear un mejor futuro. ïÆ' ¼ Innovacià ³n o la imaginacià ³n y la creacià ³n. ïÆ' ¼ Orientacià ³n al mercado o el compromiso total con los clientes. ïÆ' ¼ Trabajo en equipo o la cooperacià ³n y el genio colectivo. ïÆ' ¼ Pasià ³n o la entrega de corazà ³n y razà ³n. ïÆ' ¼ Competitividad o en lo que participamos, ganamos. PRESENCIA INTERNACIONAL Contexto internacional Consciente de la responsabilidad como administradora de sistemas transaccionales a travà ©s de los cuales el mercado de activos financieros en Colombia realiza sus operaciones, la BVC mantiene un contacto permanente con las diferentes bolsas del mundo y organismos internacionales. El objetivo de su gestià ³n internacional es conocer y adelantar gestiones encaminadas a elevar la calidad de sus servicios y homologar sus actividades a està ¡ndares internacionales a travà ©s de instrumentos y mecanismos de negociacià ³n que tiendan a generar nuevas alternativas de inversià ³n y financiacià ³n en un escenario de seguridad y transparencia para todos los actores que en ella intervienen. A continuacià ³n, la BVC presenta un resumen sobre la actividad que adelanta con el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, BID, su vinculacià ³n y beneficios para Colombia al ser miembro de la Word Federation of Exchange, WFE y, finalmente como parte de la Federacià ³n Iberoamericana de Bolsas, FIAB. La presencia internacional de la BVC ante los organismos internacionales anteriormente citados, responde a la iniciativa de la BVC de integrar el mercado de valores colombiano para ofrecer nuevas alternativas de inversià ³n y financiacià ³n a los empresarios, inversionistas e intermediarios. Banco Interamericano de desarrollo BIP En abril de 2002 el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, BID, como administrador del Fondo Multilateral de Inversiones, Fomin, y la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, BVC, firmaron un convenio de cooperacià ³n tà ©cnica no reembolsable para fortalecer el mercado de capitales nacional mediante el desarrollo de los siguientes proyectos. Bolsa de futuros y opciones Sus objetivos son la estructuracià ³n, diseà ±o operativo, adquisicià ³n de la plataforma tecnolà ³gica y puesta en marcha de una Bolsa de Instrumentos Derivados. En principio, esta bolsa operarà ¡ sobre contratos de divisas y tasas de interà ©s en pesos. Mà ¡s adelante, podrà ¡n transarse instrumentos sobre opciones y contratos basados en à ­ndices bursà ¡tiles y otros instrumentos de cobertura. à ¼ Cà ¡mara de compensacià ³n riesgo central de contraparte La Bolsa se apoya en servicios de consultorà ­a experta en el tema de buenas prà ¡cticas de gobierno corporativo, con el fin de evaluar, desear e implementar mejores prà ¡cticas en los emisores de valores en Colombia. Con base en los resultados de la evaluacià ³n, la BVC hoy realiza un programa de divulgacià ³n que permite promover los resultados del proyecto y redunde en mayor confianza de los inversionistas hacia los tà ­tulos emitidos por compaà ±Ãƒ ­as con dichas prà ¡cticas. à ¼ World Federation of Exchanges, WFE La Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, BVC, desde octubre de 2003 hace parte de la Word Federation Exchange, organismo internacional que agrupa a las 56 Bolsas y mercados mà ¡s grandes del mundo, para ser miembro de la WFE, la BVC cumplià ³ con requisitos propios de la industria financiera en el mundo, que aseguran una operacià ³n y funcionamiento acorde con està ¡ndares internacionales. à ¼ Beneficios para la BVC al ser miembro de la WFE à ¼ El reconocimiento internacional que le permite a la BVC interactuar con las principales bolsas de mundo. à ¼ Posibilidad de acceder a foros de intercambio de conocimientos y experiencias de otras bolsas de valores à ¼ Participacià ³n en eventos, seminarios y congresos mundiales de interà ©s para el mercado, asà ­ como acceder a los resultados o conclusiones que se generan en los mismos. à ¼ Afianzar los và ­nculos profesionales y comerciales con las Bolsas mà ¡s importantes del mundo ïÆ' ¼ A las Sociedades Comisionistas de Bolsa les beneficia en la medida que el mercado colombiano alcanza està ¡ndares internacionales y logra un reconocimiento global.  ¿Quà © es la World Federation of Exchanges? ïÆ' ¼ La World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) es la organizacià ³n comercial para las seguridades y los mercados derivados regulados, instituciones del establecimiento y cà ¡maras de compensacià ³n relacionadas, y sus diversos servicios a los mercados de capitales. ïÆ' ¼ La federacià ³n es una organizacià ³n internacional privada que abarca a los operadores mà ¡s importantes del mundo y con los niveles mà ¡s altos de la calidad de mercado. La organizacià ³n proporciona un foro para la comunicacià ³n, el anà ¡lisis y la discusià ³n entre sus miembros ïÆ' ¼ Asà ­ mismo, compartir la experiencia y el conocimiento del negocio entre los miembros de la WFE es un factor crà ­tico para el desarrollo de la industria, aà ºn mà ¡s cuando los operadores de mercado financiero ofrecen servicios en un ambiente cada vez mà ¡s competitivo. ïÆ' ¼ Su propà ³sito es facilitar la representacià ³n, el desarrollo de mercados organizados y regulados, y resolver las necesidades de los mercados de capitales para ofrecer un mejor servicio a sus usuarios. La calidad de miembro de la federacià ³n es un criterio para que reguladores e instituciones nacionales de la gerencia de activos financieros permitan el acceso privilegiado para la inversià ³n INDICES BURSATILES 1. GINI Este à ­ndice nos permite conocer el nivel de concentracià ³n de la propiedad accionaria entre sus beneficiarios reales. Cuando se habla de concentracià ³n de la propiedad accionaria se dice que la mayor parte de las acciones en circulacià ³n de una organizacià ³n esta en manos de unos pocos accionistas. Este indicador busca llegar a la propiedad accionaria de las personas naturales como objetivo mismo del indicador, basado en que las personas naturales puedan ser propietarias en forma directa o indirecta a travà ©s de otras compaà ±Ãƒ ­as. Cuando la propiedad de las empresas estas distribuida igualitariamente entre todo los accionistas, es decir, cuando hay total desconcentracià ³n, el resultado del GINI es cero y, por el contrario. Cuando la desigualdad o concentracià ³n de la propiedad es total, el indicador es uno. Su interpretacià ³n es bueno complementarla con la participacià ³n de la empresa en el sector respectivo. 2. à ndice de bursatilidad Accionaria (IBA) Mide la caracterà ­stica de una accià ³n basada en la facilidad para comprarla u ofrecerla en el mercado secundario. De acuerdo con la liquidez de la accià ³n y su negociabilidad se clasifica en alta, media, baja, minima y ninguna bursatilidad en una escala de 0 a 10. El calculo se basa en cuatro relaciones bà ¡sicas: el valor transado promedio por rueda, el numero de acciones transadas sobre el numero el numero de acciones en circulacià ³n, el numero de operaciones realizadas sobre el numero de ruedas realizadas y el numero de ruedas en que cotiza sobre el numero de ruedas realizadas. 3. à ndice de precios de la Bolsa de Bogota Es un indicador de la evolucià ³n de los precios de las acciones mas representativas que se transan en las Bolsas de Bogota. Su variacià ³n indica la tendencia al alza o a la baja de los precios de las acciones. Su objetivo como indicador no difiere de los utilizados a nivel internacional, sin embargo, diferente de estos por la forma de su cà ¡lculo al basarse en una canasta de acciones variable. (Guzmà ¡n V. Alexander, Pinilla S. Roberto Valero R. Luis, 2000, pp. 71-72). Esta canasta esta conformada por las vite acciones de mayor frecuencia de transaccià ³n en el mercado durante los à ºltimos dos aà ±os o 48 quincenas anteriores a la quincena correspondiente a la fecha del calculo. Su fecha base de calculo es el dà ­a dos de enero de 1991. Para su cà ¡lculo se multiplica el à ºltimo precio de cada accià ³n por un peso de ponderacià ³n. La sumatoria de estos veinte productos constituye el valor del à ­ndice del dà ­a. La ponderacià ³n es necesaria para minimizar la diferencia entre el precio real de una accià ³n y su valor calculado a partir del à ­ndice. Es importante advertir que todas las acciones tienen un valor nominal y mercados diferentes, que en algunos casos difieren en gran proporcià ³n. La ponderacià ³n tambià ©n es necesaria para que la participacià ³n de cada accià ³n dentro del à ­ndice guarde cierta proporcionalidad con su importancia en el mercado. La ponderacià ³n se basa en la cantidad de acciones negociadas de cada empresa en los à ºltimos tres meses. Este modelo se basa en ajustes quincenales de los pesos de ponderacià ³n y se cuenta con mecanismos matemà ¡ticos de ajuste para disminuir cambios bruscos en los pesos de ponderacià ³n de las acciones. El objetivo de estos ajustes busca que los cambios en el indicador obedezcan en mayor parte a cambios en los precios en las acciones. El modelo tiene en cuenta los cambios en el valor nominal de las acciones (Split) y la adicià ³n o retiro de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as. Para este caso se debe reprocesar la informacià ³n histà ³rica de tal suerte que siempre sea comparable. No incluye en su cà ¡lculo correcciones por aumento de acciones en circulacià ³n. Su presentacià ³n en el mercado se hace diariamente junto con la grafica del comportamiento de los à ºltimos dos meses y de las à ºltimas cincuenta semanas. Su cà ¡lculo se efectà ºa para tres sectores tres subsectores de actividad econà ³mica. (Pinilla S. Roberto â€Å"y otros†, 2000, pp. 73-74). TIPOS DE à NDICES BURSà TILES: 1. Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til: Pretende reflejar el comportamiento en los precios de las acciones del à ­ndice, ponderando cada especie dentro de este de acuerdo con el tamaà ±o de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a en tà ©rminos de capitalizacià ³n bursà ¡til: Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til: Corresponde al valor total del patrimonio de una empresa, segà ºn el precio al que se cotizan sus acciones. Capitalizacià ³n Ajustada: Proporcià ³n de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a, diferente de lo que se encuentra en manos de inversionistas con interà ©s de control (Flotante). 2. Liquidez o Rentabilidad: El objetivo de este tipo de herramientas es representar el comportamiento en los precios de las acciones de un à ­ndice, dà ¡ndole un peso a cada especie de acuerdo a sus niveles de liquidez. 3. Precios: Los à ndices de precios radican su metodologà ­a de cà ¡lculo en la sumatoria aritmà ©tica de los precios de las acciones que componen la canasta. Estos à ­ndices no son tan comunes y su funcià ³n es particularmente las mismas descritas en los casos anteriores. BVC, à ndices Bursà ¡tiles. Extraà ­do el 17 de noviembre de 2009 desde http://www.bvc.com.co/pps/tibco/portalbvc/Home/Mercados/descripciongeneral/indicesbursatiles INDICE ACCIONARIO IGBC El à ­ndice General de la Bolsa de Colombia mide de manera agregada la variacià ³n de los precios de las acciones mà ¡s representativas del mercado. El objetivo principal es representar las variaciones del conjunto de acciones mà ¡s transadas de una manera fiel, de tal forma que cumpla el requisito de replicabilidad, es decir que a partir del mismo se pueda conformar un portafolio con las acciones del à ­ndice, base fundamental para la construccià ³n de productos derivados. El à ­ndice general se calcularà ¡ en cada instante de las negociaciones, y el valor definitivo del dà ­a serà ¡ calculado 30 minutos despuà ©s del cierre del mercado. Asobancaria, Extraà ­do el 18 de Noviembre de 2009 desde http://www.asobancaria.com/glosario.jsp?accion=2id=28 INDICE ACCIONARIO DE CAPITALIZACION BURSATIL (COLCAP) COLCAP es un indicador que refleja las variaciones de los precios de las 20 acciones mas liquidas de la (BVC), donde el valor de Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til ajustada de cada compaà ±Ãƒ ­a determina su nivel de ponderacià ³n1. I k (t )= E Wi Pi (t ) i Capitalizacion Ajustada: Se determina como el porcentaje de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a que no se encuentra en poder de accionistas con situacià ³n de control dentro de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Una compaà ±Ãƒ ­a entre mayor capitalizacià ³n ajustada tenga, mayor serà ¡ su participacià ³n en el à ­ndice. Siendo la mà ¡xima participacià ³n el 20%. INDICE ACCIONARIO DE LIQUIDEZ (COL20) COL20 es un indicador de rentabilidad o de liquidez que refleja las variaciones de los precios de las 20 acciones mas liquidas de la (BVC), donde el nivel de liquidez de cada compaà ±Ãƒ ­a determina su ponderacià ³n. BVC, Extraà ­do el 17 de noviembre de 2009 desde http://www.bvc.com.co/pps/tibco/portalbvc/Home/Mercados/descripciongeneral/indicesbursatiles?com.tibco.ps.pagesvc.action_Edicion.pdf Tabla 1 IGBC COL20 COLCAP TIPO DE INDICE Liquidez Liquidez Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til SELECCIÓN CANASTA Liquidez: Variables Definidas Liquidez : A travà ©s de una Funcià ³n de Liquidez PONDERADOR Nà ºmero de acciones transadas Nivel de liquidez Nà ºmero de acciones determinadas en el à ºltimo aà ±o como Capitalizacià ³n Ajustada NO DE ACCIONES Variable 20 20 ACCIONES POR EMISOR Segà ºn el numero de especies seleccionadas Un solo emisor agregado Un solo emisor agregado PARTICIPACION No hay limite 20% 20% MAXIMA POR EMISOR REBALANCEO Trimestral Trimestral Trimestral Tomada de BVC elaborada por el autor LA BOLSA DE TOKIO . Es la segunda bolsa de valores mà ¡s grande del mundo y està ¡ destinada a la negociacià ³n en exclusiva de las acciones y valores convertibles o que otorguen derecho de adquisicià ³n o suscripcià ³n. Los principales à ­ndices de la Bolsa de Tokio son el Nikkei 225, à ­ndice de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as elegidas por el Nihon Keizai Shimbun (el perià ³dico de negocios mà ¡s grande de Japà ³n), el TOPIX y el J30 (à ­ndice de grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as industriales). El sistema de negociacià ³n utilizado se denomina CORES (Computer assited Order Routing and Execution System). * 15 de mayo de 1878 La Bolsa de Tokio es fundada. * 1 de junio de 1878 Comienza el comercio. * 30 de junio de 1943 11 bolsas en todas partes de Japà ³n (Incluyendo al TSE) fueron unificadas en una corporacià ³n casi-pà ºblica al servicio de los intereses industriales y militares del imperio. * 10 de agosto de 1945 El empeoramiento de las condiciones de guerra y los ataques aà ©reos a la isla principal de Japà ³n, forzaron al mercado de valores a suspender sus sesiones de comercio sobre todos los mercados de valores. * Segunda Guerra Mundial Despuà ©s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en marzo de 1947, se promulgà ³ la Ley de Valores y Mercados japonesa que es el marco regulador actual. * 16 de mayo de 1949 Se reinician las sesiones comerciales tras la guerra, bajo el patrà ³n regulador adoptado en 1947 por la Bolsa de Tokio. * 1971 La bolsa de Tokio adoptà ³ el sistema de anotaciones en cuenta para acciones. * 1973 Se determina la seccià ³n de accià ³n extranjera. * 1982 Introduccià ³n del sistema CORES (Computer assited Order Routing and Execution System), con lo que comenzà ³ la transformacià ³n del mercado de corros en el mercado informà ¡tico que conocemos hoy, uniendo los cinco mercados japoneses en un moderno mercado continuo. Formas de negociacià ³n: Fijacià ³n del precio La Bolsa de Tokio, como cualquier otro mercado de valores del mundo, tiene como cometido poner en contacto oferta y demanda con el fin de establecer precios competitivos. Y para alcanzar este objetivo las diferentes bolsas recurren a distintos mecanismos y formas de negociacià ³n. En la TSE, podemos distinguir tres â€Å"reglas de juego† diferentes, de acuerdo al momento y las condiciones que se està ©n dando. Estas tres formas son: Itayose, Zabara y las subastas. * Itayose: Este sistema su utiliza para fijar precios de apertura y cierre de cada una de las dos sesiones diarias y para fijar el nuevo precio inicial tras una parada de negociacià ³n (trading hault). El à ºltimo caso en que se usa es para fijar un precio tras una cotizacià ³n especial (special quote).Bajo este sistema todas las à ³rdenes que se introducen en el libro registro de anotaciones se tratan como simultà ¡neas, es decir que se suprime la prioridad de tiempo. Como se calcula este precio de equilibrio, es algo que viene determinado por el volumen agregado de à ³rdenes de compra y venta que existen. De hecho, el precio que resulta de una negociacià ³n con el mà ©todo Itayose serà ¡ aquel que equilibre en mayor medida oferta y demanda, ejecutando las à ³rdenes de compra/venta con precios superiores/inferiores al de equilibrio. * Zaraba: Es el mà ©todo de fijacià ³n de precios que se usa en la negociacià ³n continua de la sesiones. Es la ejecucià ³n habitual de las à ³rdenes de oferta y demanda tras la fijacià ³n del precio inicial.A medida que nuevas à ³rdenes llegan al libro registro, estas se agregan a las ya existentes y se ejecutan si procede, o se almacenan en espera de ser ejecutadas. * Subastas (ToSTNeT-1 y ToSTNeT-2): Estos dos mecanismos fueron introducidos en 1997 y 1998 respectivamente y son bà ¡sicamente sistemas electrà ³nicos de negociacià ³n en subastas y tienen como fin facilitar el comercio de grandes volà ºmenes de acciones. Este tipo de negociacià ³n esta restringida a las acciones domà ©sticas. Para estas negociaciones existen tres sesiones diarias: 8:20-9:00AM, 11:00-12:00PM y de 15:00-16:30PM. Liquidacià ³n y compensacià ³n Las tareas de compensacià ³n y liquidacià ³n resultantes de las operaciones de mercado, son llevadas a acabo por dos empresas independientes. La compensacià ³n, es decir, el balanceo individual de cada agente que determina la cantidad de acciones que al final de la jornada compra, vende y guarda, lo realiza la corporacià ³n JSCC o Japan Securities Clearing Corporation. Esta empresa es comà ºn a las seis bolsas niponas, ya que las seis està ¡n interconectadas. Por lo tanto, su trabajo es determinar los saldos y movimiento de acciones entre las diferentes partes y agentes y transmitir esa informacià ³n a los liquidadores. La liquidacià ³n es el traspaso efectivo, el cambio de manos, de unos individuos, (vendedores) hacia otros (los compradores). Las funciones propias de la liquidacià ³n son llevadas a cabo por la empresa JASDEC o Japan Securities Depository Center. Inc. Y estas funciones son: * Custodiar los saldos de acciones de los agentes participantes, y ejecutar las transferencias de unos a otros de acuerdo a las anotaciones en cuenta y a la informacià ³n que le suministra l JSCC. * Otorga los permisos para la posesià ³n directa de acciones. * Eliminar los riegos de comportamiento oportunista inherentes al intercambio. * Asegurar el crà ©dito de los participantes. Establecer garantà ­as en caso de incumplimiento o impago. Paternoster Square. LSE ocupa el edificio de la derecha. LA BOLSA DE LONDRES (London Stock Exchange-LSE) es la bolsa de valores localizada en Londres, Inglaterra. Fue fundada en 1801, y actualmente es una de las bolsas de acciones mà ¡s grandes del mundo. Muchos de sus valores son internacionales pero cuenta tambià ©n con numerosos valores de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as brità ¡nicas. Sus actuales instalaciones està ¡n situadas en Paternoster Square, cerca de la catedral de San Pablo, en la ciudad de Londres. Origen del comercio de valores El comercio de valores comenzà ³ para financiar dos viajes: el intento de la Compaà ±Ãƒ ­a de Moscovia de llegar a China cruzando el Mar Blanco al norte de Rusia, y el viaje de la Compaà ±Ãƒ ­a Brità ¡nica de las Indias Orientales a la India. Al no ser capaces de financiar tan costosos viajes con su propio capital, las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as recaudaron dinero vendiendo parte de sus valores a mercaderes, concedià ©ndoles a cambio una parte de los beneficios de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. La idea pronto tomà ³ fuerza y se calcula que para 1695 habà ­a mà ¡s de 140 empresas que comerciaban con sus propias valores. El comercio de valores se concentrà ³ principalmente en una zona de Londres llamada Exchange alley o Change alley, que era un pequeà ±o callejà ³n de una zona residencial de Londres. Dicha zona concentraba numerosos cofee shops, y principalmente en dos de ellos se centrà ³ el comercio de acciones: el Jonathans y el Garraways. El broker John Castaing publicaba una lista del precio de los valores a la que llamaron El curso del intercambio y otras cosas en dichos cofee-shops. Licencias para los brokers Algunos brokers, usando informacià ³n confidencial que no estaba al alcance del pà ºblico, realizaban prà ¡cticas poco à ©ticas. Para evitar este tipo de sucesos, en 1967 se creà ³ una ley que obligaba a todos los brokers a adquirir una licencia y a jurar un pacto en el que indicaban que serà ­an justos y legales en la compra-venta de valores. El South Sea Blue El Change Alley prosperà ³ durante varios aà ±os, aunque esto cambio cuando sufrià ³ un revà ©s en el aà ±o 1720. Habà ­a una empresa llamada el South Sea Blue, que habà ­a sido creada entre el Gobierno y John Blunt. Dicha empresa habà ­a causado una gran excitacià ³n entre los brokers. La empresa llevaba nueve aà ±os no siendo rentable, y el Gobierno quiso vender valores para poder hacer frente a la deuda acumulada. Los valores salieron a subasta a 128 £, pero rà ¡pidamente alcanzaron el valor de 1050 £ en apenas 6 meses. La burbuja inevitablemente explotà ³, haciendo caer los valores a 124 £. El suceso creo un clamor popular, lo que obligà ³ al gobierno a modificar la legislacià ³n para prevenir futuras burbujas como à ©sta. El mercado de valores tardà ³ mucho tiempo en recuperarse de este evento. Threadneedle Street y Capel Court El cofee-shop Jonathans se quemà ³ en 1748, y si aà ±adimos el creciente hacinamiento en la zona del Change Alley, provocà ³ que los brokers construyeran un nuevo Jonathans en la calle Threadneedle Street, y empezaron a cobrar por la entrada. El edificio rà ¡pidamente cambio su nombre por Bolsa de valores, y en 1801 volvià ³ a cambiar su nombre a Habitacià ³n de subscripcià ³n de valores tras entrar en vigor la nueva legislacià ³n. Aun y todo esto no parecà ­a suficiente, por lo que se trasladaron al recià ©n construido Capel Court. La bolsa se recuperà ³ cerca del aà ±o 1820, con el crecimiento de las industrias del ferrocarril, minerà ­a, canales y seguros. Rà ¡pidamente empezaron a crearse otras bolsas a lo largo del reino unido, y se aà ±adià ³ el comercio de bonos a la de los valores. Lema Su lema fue creado en 1923. En latà ­n es Dictum meum pactum, que se puede traducir como â€Å"Mi palabra es mi pacto†,[1] haciendo referencia a que habà ­a que cumplir con lo que cada uno habà ­a dicho BOLSA DE VALORES DE NEW YORK La Bolsa de Valores o Bolsa es una organizacià ³n financiera donde las mercancà ­as de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as y otros valores son negociados. Los valores negociados enla bolsa incluyen acciones emitidas por las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as, unidades de consorcios y bonos o certificados de inversià ³n. En el foro de la Roma antigua ya existà ­a una prà ¡ctica similar al mercado bursà ¡til. Hasta 1487, el comercio a travà ©s de documentos se realizaba en exteriores, en las calles y aceras. Entonces, en la ciudad de Brujas, actualmente Bà ©lgica, la casa de Van Der Bursen comenzà ³ a utilizarse como locacià ³n diseà ±ada para la negociacià ³n de mercancà ­as. La Dutch East India Company fue la primera compaà ±Ãƒ ­a que emitià ³ acciones y bonos en 1602 en la bolsa de cambio de Amsterdam. La bolsa de cambio de Londres se establecià ³ en la ciudad en 1690. Los mercados bursà ¡tiles de Parà ­s y Nueva York no se crearon hasta el siglo XVIII. El celebrado Wall Street, en Manhattan, abrigà ³ el centro de operaciones de la Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York en 1792. La Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York (New York Stock Exchange, NYSE) junto a NASDAQ (North American Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) y AMEX (American Exchange) son probablemente los à ­ndices de intercambio mercantil mà ¡s importantes del mundo. La crisis mà ¡s importante del mundo capitalista ocurrià ³ el 29 de Octubre de 1929. La Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York tenà ­a 13 millones de acciones para vender pero solo un pequeà ±o grupo de compradores. Consecuentemente, los precios de las acciones cayeron generando un caos catastrà ³fico enla bolsa de Nueva York. Miles de bancos, industrias y compaà ±Ãƒ ­as rurales se fueron a la bancarrota y al menos 12 millones de norteamericanos quedaron sin empleo. Tratando de enfrentar la crisis, los Estados Unidos redujeron fuertemente las compras en el extranjero y suspendieron todos los prà ©stamos internacionales, extendiendo la crisis por todo el mundo. En los à ºltimos 50 aà ±os, sin embargo, las grandes corporaciones han dominado la economà ­a americana y han asumido dimensiones globales (GMC, Coca-Cola, General Electric, Ford, Exxon, IBM, Microsoft, ATT, etc.) Debido a la competencia y para complacer a la gente comà ºn, las corporaciones han creado la posibilidad de que cualquier americano pueda comprar acciones. En la actualidad, mà ¡s del 60% de las familias americanas reservan una parte sustancial de sus ahorros para invertirlos en mercancà ­as y acciones. La Bolsa de Nueva York (New York Stock Exchange, NYSE, en inglà ©s) es el mayor mercado de valores del mundo en volumen monetario y el primero en nà ºmero de empresas adscritas. Su masa en acciones fue superada por la del NASDAQ [1] durante los aà ±os 90, pero el capital de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as listadas en la NYSE es cinco veces mayor que en el NASDAQ. La Bolsa de Nueva York cuenta con un volumen anual de transacciones de 21 billones de dà ³lares, incluyendo los 7,1 billones de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as no estadounidenses. Sus antecedentes se remontan a 1792, cuando 24 comerciantes y corredores de Nueva York firmaron el acuerdo conocido como Buttonwood Agreement, en el cual se establecà ­an reglas para comerciar con acciones. Fue creada en 1817, cuando un grupo de corredores de bolsa se organizaron formando un comità © llamado New York Stock and Exchange Board (NYSEB) con la finalidad de poder controlar el flujo de acciones que en aquellos tiempos se negociaban libremente y principalmente en la acera de Wall Street. En 1863 cambià ³ de nombre por el de New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), nombre que conserva hasta nuestros dà ­as, y se establece en Wall Street esquina con Broad Street dos aà ±os despuà ©s. En 1918, despuà ©s de la Primera Guerra Mundial, se convierte en la principal casa de bolsa del mundo, dejando atrà ¡s a la de Londres. El jueves 24 de octubre de 1929, llamado a partir de entonces el Jueves Negro, se produjo una de las mà ¡s grandes caà ­das en esta bolsa, que producirà ­a la recesià ³n econà ³mica mà ¡s importante de los Estados Unidos en el siglo XX, la Gran Depresià ³n. Actualmente es administrada por el NYSE Group, que fue formado con la fusià ³n de NYSE y Archipielago Holdings, una bolsa de valores electrà ³nica. NYSE Group cotiza actualmente en su propia bolsa de valores. En 2007 formà ³ junto a la bolsa europea Euronext: NYSE Euronext. SISTEMA FINANCIERO COLOMBIANO Composicià ³n Se Compone principalmente de instituciones financieras (bancos, corporaciones financieras) y las entidades de control (Superintendencia Bancaria) en funcià ³n de la captacià ³n de recursos (el ahorro) del publico. Tambià ©n se puede decir que hace parte del sistema, la financiacià ³n que se otorga a los emisores de valores a trabes del mercado publico de valores colombiano. Por lo tanto se reconoce la participacià ³n de los comisionistas de bolsa y la superintendencia de valores. 1. Marco Regulatorio La constitucià ³n polà ­tica faculta al congreso de la Republica, para que este expida leyes de carà ¡cter general en las cuales se indiquen los objetivos y criterios a los cuales debe sujetarse el gobierno al momento de expedir las normas que regulan las actividades financieras y bursà ¡tiles. La superintendencia Bancaria y la superintendencia de valores entidades que pertenecen a la rama ejecutiva del poder publico pero con facultades reguladoras en virtud del fenà ³meno de â€Å"deslegalizacion†, contante expide circulares y resoluciones que regulan el detalle de la actividad financiera. El Banco de la Republica como autoridad monetaria y cambiaria por expresa disposicià ³n expide las normas referentes al encaje de las tasas de interà ©s y de igual forma las normas cambiarias. La primera por obligacià ³n aplicable a los establecimientos de crà ©dito con relacià ³n a la restriccià ³n de circulante y la segunda en desarrollo de su labor de intermediario del mercado cambiario. Sistema financiero en le cual en el cual hacen parte varias instituciones financieras, com