Chinese Economic Reforms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinese Economic Reforms - Research Paper Example The agreement presents significant competitive opportunities in the financial sector." (Ostry, et.al., 2003). As the Chinese economy continues to growopens up and competes with other industrialized economies, around the world, effective market and monetary policies and objectives demand close attention. Sustainable growth of the economy will be possible if viable macro and micro economic policies are in place and take into account such variables such as inflation objectives, flexibility of lending institutions in the face of changing interest rates, rate of credit growth, continuing economic reforms and exchange rates. The dissertation will first examine Chinese economic reform and compile a body of literature offering objective analysis of key elements of the reform process, with a bias towards monetary policies, exchange rates and inflation. This work aims toe sole significance of this endeavor is to investigate unearth the main economic reforms and monetary policiescardinal arteries informing and shaping the Chinese economic status especially in regard to short term and long term inflation and exchange rates. Secondly, the dissertation will examine the monetary policies adopted by PBC in controlling inflation and exchange rates. ... Theory1 The monetarist theory posits that mismanagement of the primary cause of inflation is how the money in supply is the primary cause of inflation. is managed. Inflation can also be linked toPrincipally, the cause of inflation is pegged on the flexibility of the lending process. As such, inflation will largely depend to a large extent, on how flexible or inflexible the lending institutions are and the levels of interest rates levels as well. Monetarists do no't believe that fiscal policies and taxation have very as having little effect on to do with controlling inflation control (Paul, 2000). Mathematicallaccording to the my, monetarists' theory, a product of the total value of money in circulation and the velocity of the money is directly proportional to the product of the average price level and the index of the real values of expenditures. expounds that M.V=P.Q In the formula: M is the total value of money in circulation, V is the velocity of money, P is the average price level and Q is the index of the real values of expenditures. Key highlights: a) the average price level is a variable influenced by the magnitude of economic activities(Q), total value of money(M), and the velocity of money(V) b) The key influencing variable of prices level is fluctuations in the amount of money available. c) If the velocity of money is constant (though in reality it is not possible) , the supply of money will determine value of nominal output. d) Assuming that the velocity of money is fairly constant, then the level of inflation will be equal to the difference between long run growth rate of money supply and long run growth rate of real

Mini project 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mini project 2 - Assignment Example From picture 1, there are two main loads that acting on the bridge. These are 1.Dead load, This refer s to the permanent weight of both the structured and non –structure component of the bridge. This include the roadway used by the vehicle on the object , sidewalk and the attached equipments. Dead loads on a bridge are based on material unit and are based on material unit and are of constant magnitude. On designing a bridge dead load, must be estimated. In order to counteracted the resultant effects of the external loads, it is good to compute the final dead load of individual portions of the bridge structure before designing the final supporting members. This refers to the weight of the vehicle that cross the bridge. Each of these individual vehicles comprises of a series of concentrated moving loads that vary in spacing and magnitude. When the loads move, a number of changes are generated in shears, reaction and moments in the members of the structure. The extent of these resultant forces depend on the number of spacing, weight and the position of the loads on the span. To produce the maximum impacts for each stress, the designer must position the line vehicle loads well. From picture 1, it is true that when a piece of material e.g. steel or a steel reinforced concrete is stressed by a force of granite due to the load of the vehicle, the cross sectional material does several things. In general the top must compress [compression forces ] and the bottom must stretch [Tensional forces]. This gives rise to the following stresses as shown in the picture 1. This is the stress that

La Bolsa De Valores De Colombia

La Bolsa De Valores De Colombia QUE ES UNA BOLSA DE VALORES Una bolsa de valores es un establecimiento, que puede ser pà ºblico o privado, autorizado por los gobiernos de los paà ­ses, en el cual se negocian (compran y venden) tà ­tulos valores como acciones, bonos, tà ­tulos de deuda pà ºblica etc. La negociacià ³n de los tà ­tulos la realizan personas autorizadas las cuales se denominan corredores de bolsa (|brokers en ingles). Los corredores de bolsa son intermediarios entre un vendedor y un comprador de tà ­tulos, generalmente representan a uno de à ©stos y negocian por orden de à ©ste. Por realizar esta actividad, los corredores de bolsa cobran una comisià ³n. Sà ³lo los corredores de bolsa autorizados pueden llevar a cabo las negociaciones. Existe una serie de exigencias y normas muy estrictas que los rigen tanto a ellos como a las empresas que deseen negociar sus valores en la bolsa. Lo anterior permite que los inversionistas (personas o empresas que quieran invertir dinero en tà ­tulos valores) sientan confianza y seriedad a la hora de negociar en la bolsa. Las bolsas, por lo tanto, se pueden considerar como un mercado centralizado y regulado (mercado que recibe el nombre de MERCADO BURSATIL. Este mercado le permite a las empresas financiar sus proyectos y actividades a travà ©s de la venta de tà ­tulos. Igualmente, permite a los inversionistas opciones de inversià ³n a travà ©s de la compra de los tà ­tulos. Existen bolsas de valores en muchos lugares del mundo: ciudades importantes como Nueva York, capitales de paà ­ses como es el caso de Londres o Tokio, etc. Es importante anotar que las bolsas se comunican entre sà ­. HISTORIA DE LA BOLSA DE VALORES DE COLOMBIA La Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (BVC), creada el 3 DE JULIO DEL 2001, es el à ºnico mercado de acciones y otros valores de Colombia organizado a travà ©s de la estructura de bolsa. Anteriormente operaban tres bolsas de valores independientes Bolsa de Bogotà ¡ (1928), Bolsa de Medellà ­n (1961) y Bolsa de Occidente (Cali, 1983) que se fusionaron para crear la BVC. Tiene oficinas en Bogotà ¡, Medellà ­n, Cali, Barraquilla y Pereira. El resto del mercado se organiza a travà ©s de sistemas centralizados de transaccià ³n de operaciones que no hacen parte de la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia. MISION DE LA BOLSA DE VALORES DE COLOMBIA Contribuir al crecimiento y desarrollo del mercado de capitales a travà ©s de la canalizacià ³n del ahorro hacia la inversià ³n productiva mediante la administracià ³n de mercados eficientes, transparentes, equitativos, competitivos, seguros y supervisados, en beneficio de emisores, inversionistas e intermediarios, y generar valor para sus accionistas mediante un adecuado equilibrio entre los objetivos de rentabilidad y el desarrollo de los objetivos de mediano y largo plazo. VISION DE LA BOLSA DE VALORES DE COLOMBIA En el 2015 la BVC serà ¡ el principal foro de negociacià ³n de activos financieros en el paà ­s, administrando un 55% del total transado en el mercado nacional. Para lograrlo, la organizacià ³n crearà ¡ valor para sus accionistas, trabajarà ¡ en conjunto con intermediarios y reguladores, ejecutarà ¡ procesos confiables orientados estratà ©gicamente hacia los resultados e incorporarà ¡ el mejor capital humano y tecnolà ³gico disponible. VALORES DE LA BOLSA DE COLOMBIA ïÆ' ¼ Excelencia o aquello que hacemos y cuando lo hacemos proactivamente bien. ïÆ' ¼ Liderazgo o el deber para crear un mejor futuro. ïÆ' ¼ Innovacià ³n o la imaginacià ³n y la creacià ³n. ïÆ' ¼ Orientacià ³n al mercado o el compromiso total con los clientes. ïÆ' ¼ Trabajo en equipo o la cooperacià ³n y el genio colectivo. ïÆ' ¼ Pasià ³n o la entrega de corazà ³n y razà ³n. ïÆ' ¼ Competitividad o en lo que participamos, ganamos. PRESENCIA INTERNACIONAL Contexto internacional Consciente de la responsabilidad como administradora de sistemas transaccionales a travà ©s de los cuales el mercado de activos financieros en Colombia realiza sus operaciones, la BVC mantiene un contacto permanente con las diferentes bolsas del mundo y organismos internacionales. El objetivo de su gestià ³n internacional es conocer y adelantar gestiones encaminadas a elevar la calidad de sus servicios y homologar sus actividades a està ¡ndares internacionales a travà ©s de instrumentos y mecanismos de negociacià ³n que tiendan a generar nuevas alternativas de inversià ³n y financiacià ³n en un escenario de seguridad y transparencia para todos los actores que en ella intervienen. A continuacià ³n, la BVC presenta un resumen sobre la actividad que adelanta con el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, BID, su vinculacià ³n y beneficios para Colombia al ser miembro de la Word Federation of Exchange, WFE y, finalmente como parte de la Federacià ³n Iberoamericana de Bolsas, FIAB. La presencia internacional de la BVC ante los organismos internacionales anteriormente citados, responde a la iniciativa de la BVC de integrar el mercado de valores colombiano para ofrecer nuevas alternativas de inversià ³n y financiacià ³n a los empresarios, inversionistas e intermediarios. Banco Interamericano de desarrollo BIP En abril de 2002 el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, BID, como administrador del Fondo Multilateral de Inversiones, Fomin, y la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, BVC, firmaron un convenio de cooperacià ³n tà ©cnica no reembolsable para fortalecer el mercado de capitales nacional mediante el desarrollo de los siguientes proyectos. Bolsa de futuros y opciones Sus objetivos son la estructuracià ³n, diseà ±o operativo, adquisicià ³n de la plataforma tecnolà ³gica y puesta en marcha de una Bolsa de Instrumentos Derivados. En principio, esta bolsa operarà ¡ sobre contratos de divisas y tasas de interà ©s en pesos. Mà ¡s adelante, podrà ¡n transarse instrumentos sobre opciones y contratos basados en à ­ndices bursà ¡tiles y otros instrumentos de cobertura. à ¼ Cà ¡mara de compensacià ³n riesgo central de contraparte La Bolsa se apoya en servicios de consultorà ­a experta en el tema de buenas prà ¡cticas de gobierno corporativo, con el fin de evaluar, desear e implementar mejores prà ¡cticas en los emisores de valores en Colombia. Con base en los resultados de la evaluacià ³n, la BVC hoy realiza un programa de divulgacià ³n que permite promover los resultados del proyecto y redunde en mayor confianza de los inversionistas hacia los tà ­tulos emitidos por compaà ±Ãƒ ­as con dichas prà ¡cticas. à ¼ World Federation of Exchanges, WFE La Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, BVC, desde octubre de 2003 hace parte de la Word Federation Exchange, organismo internacional que agrupa a las 56 Bolsas y mercados mà ¡s grandes del mundo, para ser miembro de la WFE, la BVC cumplià ³ con requisitos propios de la industria financiera en el mundo, que aseguran una operacià ³n y funcionamiento acorde con està ¡ndares internacionales. à ¼ Beneficios para la BVC al ser miembro de la WFE à ¼ El reconocimiento internacional que le permite a la BVC interactuar con las principales bolsas de mundo. à ¼ Posibilidad de acceder a foros de intercambio de conocimientos y experiencias de otras bolsas de valores à ¼ Participacià ³n en eventos, seminarios y congresos mundiales de interà ©s para el mercado, asà ­ como acceder a los resultados o conclusiones que se generan en los mismos. à ¼ Afianzar los và ­nculos profesionales y comerciales con las Bolsas mà ¡s importantes del mundo ïÆ' ¼ A las Sociedades Comisionistas de Bolsa les beneficia en la medida que el mercado colombiano alcanza està ¡ndares internacionales y logra un reconocimiento global.  ¿Quà © es la World Federation of Exchanges? ïÆ' ¼ La World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) es la organizacià ³n comercial para las seguridades y los mercados derivados regulados, instituciones del establecimiento y cà ¡maras de compensacià ³n relacionadas, y sus diversos servicios a los mercados de capitales. ïÆ' ¼ La federacià ³n es una organizacià ³n internacional privada que abarca a los operadores mà ¡s importantes del mundo y con los niveles mà ¡s altos de la calidad de mercado. La organizacià ³n proporciona un foro para la comunicacià ³n, el anà ¡lisis y la discusià ³n entre sus miembros ïÆ' ¼ Asà ­ mismo, compartir la experiencia y el conocimiento del negocio entre los miembros de la WFE es un factor crà ­tico para el desarrollo de la industria, aà ºn mà ¡s cuando los operadores de mercado financiero ofrecen servicios en un ambiente cada vez mà ¡s competitivo. ïÆ' ¼ Su propà ³sito es facilitar la representacià ³n, el desarrollo de mercados organizados y regulados, y resolver las necesidades de los mercados de capitales para ofrecer un mejor servicio a sus usuarios. La calidad de miembro de la federacià ³n es un criterio para que reguladores e instituciones nacionales de la gerencia de activos financieros permitan el acceso privilegiado para la inversià ³n INDICES BURSATILES 1. GINI Este à ­ndice nos permite conocer el nivel de concentracià ³n de la propiedad accionaria entre sus beneficiarios reales. Cuando se habla de concentracià ³n de la propiedad accionaria se dice que la mayor parte de las acciones en circulacià ³n de una organizacià ³n esta en manos de unos pocos accionistas. Este indicador busca llegar a la propiedad accionaria de las personas naturales como objetivo mismo del indicador, basado en que las personas naturales puedan ser propietarias en forma directa o indirecta a travà ©s de otras compaà ±Ãƒ ­as. Cuando la propiedad de las empresas estas distribuida igualitariamente entre todo los accionistas, es decir, cuando hay total desconcentracià ³n, el resultado del GINI es cero y, por el contrario. Cuando la desigualdad o concentracià ³n de la propiedad es total, el indicador es uno. Su interpretacià ³n es bueno complementarla con la participacià ³n de la empresa en el sector respectivo. 2. à ndice de bursatilidad Accionaria (IBA) Mide la caracterà ­stica de una accià ³n basada en la facilidad para comprarla u ofrecerla en el mercado secundario. De acuerdo con la liquidez de la accià ³n y su negociabilidad se clasifica en alta, media, baja, minima y ninguna bursatilidad en una escala de 0 a 10. El calculo se basa en cuatro relaciones bà ¡sicas: el valor transado promedio por rueda, el numero de acciones transadas sobre el numero el numero de acciones en circulacià ³n, el numero de operaciones realizadas sobre el numero de ruedas realizadas y el numero de ruedas en que cotiza sobre el numero de ruedas realizadas. 3. à ndice de precios de la Bolsa de Bogota Es un indicador de la evolucià ³n de los precios de las acciones mas representativas que se transan en las Bolsas de Bogota. Su variacià ³n indica la tendencia al alza o a la baja de los precios de las acciones. Su objetivo como indicador no difiere de los utilizados a nivel internacional, sin embargo, diferente de estos por la forma de su cà ¡lculo al basarse en una canasta de acciones variable. (Guzmà ¡n V. Alexander, Pinilla S. Roberto Valero R. Luis, 2000, pp. 71-72). Esta canasta esta conformada por las vite acciones de mayor frecuencia de transaccià ³n en el mercado durante los à ºltimos dos aà ±os o 48 quincenas anteriores a la quincena correspondiente a la fecha del calculo. Su fecha base de calculo es el dà ­a dos de enero de 1991. Para su cà ¡lculo se multiplica el à ºltimo precio de cada accià ³n por un peso de ponderacià ³n. La sumatoria de estos veinte productos constituye el valor del à ­ndice del dà ­a. La ponderacià ³n es necesaria para minimizar la diferencia entre el precio real de una accià ³n y su valor calculado a partir del à ­ndice. Es importante advertir que todas las acciones tienen un valor nominal y mercados diferentes, que en algunos casos difieren en gran proporcià ³n. La ponderacià ³n tambià ©n es necesaria para que la participacià ³n de cada accià ³n dentro del à ­ndice guarde cierta proporcionalidad con su importancia en el mercado. La ponderacià ³n se basa en la cantidad de acciones negociadas de cada empresa en los à ºltimos tres meses. Este modelo se basa en ajustes quincenales de los pesos de ponderacià ³n y se cuenta con mecanismos matemà ¡ticos de ajuste para disminuir cambios bruscos en los pesos de ponderacià ³n de las acciones. El objetivo de estos ajustes busca que los cambios en el indicador obedezcan en mayor parte a cambios en los precios en las acciones. El modelo tiene en cuenta los cambios en el valor nominal de las acciones (Split) y la adicià ³n o retiro de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as. Para este caso se debe reprocesar la informacià ³n histà ³rica de tal suerte que siempre sea comparable. No incluye en su cà ¡lculo correcciones por aumento de acciones en circulacià ³n. Su presentacià ³n en el mercado se hace diariamente junto con la grafica del comportamiento de los à ºltimos dos meses y de las à ºltimas cincuenta semanas. Su cà ¡lculo se efectà ºa para tres sectores tres subsectores de actividad econà ³mica. (Pinilla S. Roberto â€Å"y otros†, 2000, pp. 73-74). TIPOS DE à NDICES BURSà TILES: 1. Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til: Pretende reflejar el comportamiento en los precios de las acciones del à ­ndice, ponderando cada especie dentro de este de acuerdo con el tamaà ±o de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a en tà ©rminos de capitalizacià ³n bursà ¡til: Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til: Corresponde al valor total del patrimonio de una empresa, segà ºn el precio al que se cotizan sus acciones. Capitalizacià ³n Ajustada: Proporcià ³n de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a, diferente de lo que se encuentra en manos de inversionistas con interà ©s de control (Flotante). 2. Liquidez o Rentabilidad: El objetivo de este tipo de herramientas es representar el comportamiento en los precios de las acciones de un à ­ndice, dà ¡ndole un peso a cada especie de acuerdo a sus niveles de liquidez. 3. Precios: Los à ndices de precios radican su metodologà ­a de cà ¡lculo en la sumatoria aritmà ©tica de los precios de las acciones que componen la canasta. Estos à ­ndices no son tan comunes y su funcià ³n es particularmente las mismas descritas en los casos anteriores. BVC, à ndices Bursà ¡tiles. Extraà ­do el 17 de noviembre de 2009 desde http://www.bvc.com.co/pps/tibco/portalbvc/Home/Mercados/descripciongeneral/indicesbursatiles INDICE ACCIONARIO IGBC El à ­ndice General de la Bolsa de Colombia mide de manera agregada la variacià ³n de los precios de las acciones mà ¡s representativas del mercado. El objetivo principal es representar las variaciones del conjunto de acciones mà ¡s transadas de una manera fiel, de tal forma que cumpla el requisito de replicabilidad, es decir que a partir del mismo se pueda conformar un portafolio con las acciones del à ­ndice, base fundamental para la construccià ³n de productos derivados. El à ­ndice general se calcularà ¡ en cada instante de las negociaciones, y el valor definitivo del dà ­a serà ¡ calculado 30 minutos despuà ©s del cierre del mercado. Asobancaria, Extraà ­do el 18 de Noviembre de 2009 desde http://www.asobancaria.com/glosario.jsp?accion=2id=28 INDICE ACCIONARIO DE CAPITALIZACION BURSATIL (COLCAP) COLCAP es un indicador que refleja las variaciones de los precios de las 20 acciones mas liquidas de la (BVC), donde el valor de Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til ajustada de cada compaà ±Ãƒ ­a determina su nivel de ponderacià ³n1. I k (t )= E Wi Pi (t ) i Capitalizacion Ajustada: Se determina como el porcentaje de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a que no se encuentra en poder de accionistas con situacià ³n de control dentro de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Una compaà ±Ãƒ ­a entre mayor capitalizacià ³n ajustada tenga, mayor serà ¡ su participacià ³n en el à ­ndice. Siendo la mà ¡xima participacià ³n el 20%. INDICE ACCIONARIO DE LIQUIDEZ (COL20) COL20 es un indicador de rentabilidad o de liquidez que refleja las variaciones de los precios de las 20 acciones mas liquidas de la (BVC), donde el nivel de liquidez de cada compaà ±Ãƒ ­a determina su ponderacià ³n. BVC, Extraà ­do el 17 de noviembre de 2009 desde http://www.bvc.com.co/pps/tibco/portalbvc/Home/Mercados/descripciongeneral/indicesbursatiles?com.tibco.ps.pagesvc.action_Edicion.pdf Tabla 1 IGBC COL20 COLCAP TIPO DE INDICE Liquidez Liquidez Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til SELECCIÓN CANASTA Liquidez: Variables Definidas Liquidez : A travà ©s de una Funcià ³n de Liquidez PONDERADOR Nà ºmero de acciones transadas Nivel de liquidez Nà ºmero de acciones determinadas en el à ºltimo aà ±o como Capitalizacià ³n Ajustada NO DE ACCIONES Variable 20 20 ACCIONES POR EMISOR Segà ºn el numero de especies seleccionadas Un solo emisor agregado Un solo emisor agregado PARTICIPACION No hay limite 20% 20% MAXIMA POR EMISOR REBALANCEO Trimestral Trimestral Trimestral Tomada de BVC elaborada por el autor LA BOLSA DE TOKIO . Es la segunda bolsa de valores mà ¡s grande del mundo y està ¡ destinada a la negociacià ³n en exclusiva de las acciones y valores convertibles o que otorguen derecho de adquisicià ³n o suscripcià ³n. Los principales à ­ndices de la Bolsa de Tokio son el Nikkei 225, à ­ndice de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as elegidas por el Nihon Keizai Shimbun (el perià ³dico de negocios mà ¡s grande de Japà ³n), el TOPIX y el J30 (à ­ndice de grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as industriales). El sistema de negociacià ³n utilizado se denomina CORES (Computer assited Order Routing and Execution System). * 15 de mayo de 1878 La Bolsa de Tokio es fundada. * 1 de junio de 1878 Comienza el comercio. * 30 de junio de 1943 11 bolsas en todas partes de Japà ³n (Incluyendo al TSE) fueron unificadas en una corporacià ³n casi-pà ºblica al servicio de los intereses industriales y militares del imperio. * 10 de agosto de 1945 El empeoramiento de las condiciones de guerra y los ataques aà ©reos a la isla principal de Japà ³n, forzaron al mercado de valores a suspender sus sesiones de comercio sobre todos los mercados de valores. * Segunda Guerra Mundial Despuà ©s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en marzo de 1947, se promulgà ³ la Ley de Valores y Mercados japonesa que es el marco regulador actual. * 16 de mayo de 1949 Se reinician las sesiones comerciales tras la guerra, bajo el patrà ³n regulador adoptado en 1947 por la Bolsa de Tokio. * 1971 La bolsa de Tokio adoptà ³ el sistema de anotaciones en cuenta para acciones. * 1973 Se determina la seccià ³n de accià ³n extranjera. * 1982 Introduccià ³n del sistema CORES (Computer assited Order Routing and Execution System), con lo que comenzà ³ la transformacià ³n del mercado de corros en el mercado informà ¡tico que conocemos hoy, uniendo los cinco mercados japoneses en un moderno mercado continuo. Formas de negociacià ³n: Fijacià ³n del precio La Bolsa de Tokio, como cualquier otro mercado de valores del mundo, tiene como cometido poner en contacto oferta y demanda con el fin de establecer precios competitivos. Y para alcanzar este objetivo las diferentes bolsas recurren a distintos mecanismos y formas de negociacià ³n. En la TSE, podemos distinguir tres â€Å"reglas de juego† diferentes, de acuerdo al momento y las condiciones que se està ©n dando. Estas tres formas son: Itayose, Zabara y las subastas. * Itayose: Este sistema su utiliza para fijar precios de apertura y cierre de cada una de las dos sesiones diarias y para fijar el nuevo precio inicial tras una parada de negociacià ³n (trading hault). El à ºltimo caso en que se usa es para fijar un precio tras una cotizacià ³n especial (special quote).Bajo este sistema todas las à ³rdenes que se introducen en el libro registro de anotaciones se tratan como simultà ¡neas, es decir que se suprime la prioridad de tiempo. Como se calcula este precio de equilibrio, es algo que viene determinado por el volumen agregado de à ³rdenes de compra y venta que existen. De hecho, el precio que resulta de una negociacià ³n con el mà ©todo Itayose serà ¡ aquel que equilibre en mayor medida oferta y demanda, ejecutando las à ³rdenes de compra/venta con precios superiores/inferiores al de equilibrio. * Zaraba: Es el mà ©todo de fijacià ³n de precios que se usa en la negociacià ³n continua de la sesiones. Es la ejecucià ³n habitual de las à ³rdenes de oferta y demanda tras la fijacià ³n del precio inicial.A medida que nuevas à ³rdenes llegan al libro registro, estas se agregan a las ya existentes y se ejecutan si procede, o se almacenan en espera de ser ejecutadas. * Subastas (ToSTNeT-1 y ToSTNeT-2): Estos dos mecanismos fueron introducidos en 1997 y 1998 respectivamente y son bà ¡sicamente sistemas electrà ³nicos de negociacià ³n en subastas y tienen como fin facilitar el comercio de grandes volà ºmenes de acciones. Este tipo de negociacià ³n esta restringida a las acciones domà ©sticas. Para estas negociaciones existen tres sesiones diarias: 8:20-9:00AM, 11:00-12:00PM y de 15:00-16:30PM. Liquidacià ³n y compensacià ³n Las tareas de compensacià ³n y liquidacià ³n resultantes de las operaciones de mercado, son llevadas a acabo por dos empresas independientes. La compensacià ³n, es decir, el balanceo individual de cada agente que determina la cantidad de acciones que al final de la jornada compra, vende y guarda, lo realiza la corporacià ³n JSCC o Japan Securities Clearing Corporation. Esta empresa es comà ºn a las seis bolsas niponas, ya que las seis està ¡n interconectadas. Por lo tanto, su trabajo es determinar los saldos y movimiento de acciones entre las diferentes partes y agentes y transmitir esa informacià ³n a los liquidadores. La liquidacià ³n es el traspaso efectivo, el cambio de manos, de unos individuos, (vendedores) hacia otros (los compradores). Las funciones propias de la liquidacià ³n son llevadas a cabo por la empresa JASDEC o Japan Securities Depository Center. Inc. Y estas funciones son: * Custodiar los saldos de acciones de los agentes participantes, y ejecutar las transferencias de unos a otros de acuerdo a las anotaciones en cuenta y a la informacià ³n que le suministra l JSCC. * Otorga los permisos para la posesià ³n directa de acciones. * Eliminar los riegos de comportamiento oportunista inherentes al intercambio. * Asegurar el crà ©dito de los participantes. Establecer garantà ­as en caso de incumplimiento o impago. Paternoster Square. LSE ocupa el edificio de la derecha. LA BOLSA DE LONDRES (London Stock Exchange-LSE) es la bolsa de valores localizada en Londres, Inglaterra. Fue fundada en 1801, y actualmente es una de las bolsas de acciones mà ¡s grandes del mundo. Muchos de sus valores son internacionales pero cuenta tambià ©n con numerosos valores de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as brità ¡nicas. Sus actuales instalaciones està ¡n situadas en Paternoster Square, cerca de la catedral de San Pablo, en la ciudad de Londres. Origen del comercio de valores El comercio de valores comenzà ³ para financiar dos viajes: el intento de la Compaà ±Ãƒ ­a de Moscovia de llegar a China cruzando el Mar Blanco al norte de Rusia, y el viaje de la Compaà ±Ãƒ ­a Brità ¡nica de las Indias Orientales a la India. Al no ser capaces de financiar tan costosos viajes con su propio capital, las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as recaudaron dinero vendiendo parte de sus valores a mercaderes, concedià ©ndoles a cambio una parte de los beneficios de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. La idea pronto tomà ³ fuerza y se calcula que para 1695 habà ­a mà ¡s de 140 empresas que comerciaban con sus propias valores. El comercio de valores se concentrà ³ principalmente en una zona de Londres llamada Exchange alley o Change alley, que era un pequeà ±o callejà ³n de una zona residencial de Londres. Dicha zona concentraba numerosos cofee shops, y principalmente en dos de ellos se centrà ³ el comercio de acciones: el Jonathans y el Garraways. El broker John Castaing publicaba una lista del precio de los valores a la que llamaron El curso del intercambio y otras cosas en dichos cofee-shops. Licencias para los brokers Algunos brokers, usando informacià ³n confidencial que no estaba al alcance del pà ºblico, realizaban prà ¡cticas poco à ©ticas. Para evitar este tipo de sucesos, en 1967 se creà ³ una ley que obligaba a todos los brokers a adquirir una licencia y a jurar un pacto en el que indicaban que serà ­an justos y legales en la compra-venta de valores. El South Sea Blue El Change Alley prosperà ³ durante varios aà ±os, aunque esto cambio cuando sufrià ³ un revà ©s en el aà ±o 1720. Habà ­a una empresa llamada el South Sea Blue, que habà ­a sido creada entre el Gobierno y John Blunt. Dicha empresa habà ­a causado una gran excitacià ³n entre los brokers. La empresa llevaba nueve aà ±os no siendo rentable, y el Gobierno quiso vender valores para poder hacer frente a la deuda acumulada. Los valores salieron a subasta a 128 £, pero rà ¡pidamente alcanzaron el valor de 1050 £ en apenas 6 meses. La burbuja inevitablemente explotà ³, haciendo caer los valores a 124 £. El suceso creo un clamor popular, lo que obligà ³ al gobierno a modificar la legislacià ³n para prevenir futuras burbujas como à ©sta. El mercado de valores tardà ³ mucho tiempo en recuperarse de este evento. Threadneedle Street y Capel Court El cofee-shop Jonathans se quemà ³ en 1748, y si aà ±adimos el creciente hacinamiento en la zona del Change Alley, provocà ³ que los brokers construyeran un nuevo Jonathans en la calle Threadneedle Street, y empezaron a cobrar por la entrada. El edificio rà ¡pidamente cambio su nombre por Bolsa de valores, y en 1801 volvià ³ a cambiar su nombre a Habitacià ³n de subscripcià ³n de valores tras entrar en vigor la nueva legislacià ³n. Aun y todo esto no parecà ­a suficiente, por lo que se trasladaron al recià ©n construido Capel Court. La bolsa se recuperà ³ cerca del aà ±o 1820, con el crecimiento de las industrias del ferrocarril, minerà ­a, canales y seguros. Rà ¡pidamente empezaron a crearse otras bolsas a lo largo del reino unido, y se aà ±adià ³ el comercio de bonos a la de los valores. Lema Su lema fue creado en 1923. En latà ­n es Dictum meum pactum, que se puede traducir como â€Å"Mi palabra es mi pacto†,[1] haciendo referencia a que habà ­a que cumplir con lo que cada uno habà ­a dicho BOLSA DE VALORES DE NEW YORK La Bolsa de Valores o Bolsa es una organizacià ³n financiera donde las mercancà ­as de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as y otros valores son negociados. Los valores negociados enla bolsa incluyen acciones emitidas por las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as, unidades de consorcios y bonos o certificados de inversià ³n. En el foro de la Roma antigua ya existà ­a una prà ¡ctica similar al mercado bursà ¡til. Hasta 1487, el comercio a travà ©s de documentos se realizaba en exteriores, en las calles y aceras. Entonces, en la ciudad de Brujas, actualmente Bà ©lgica, la casa de Van Der Bursen comenzà ³ a utilizarse como locacià ³n diseà ±ada para la negociacià ³n de mercancà ­as. La Dutch East India Company fue la primera compaà ±Ãƒ ­a que emitià ³ acciones y bonos en 1602 en la bolsa de cambio de Amsterdam. La bolsa de cambio de Londres se establecià ³ en la ciudad en 1690. Los mercados bursà ¡tiles de Parà ­s y Nueva York no se crearon hasta el siglo XVIII. El celebrado Wall Street, en Manhattan, abrigà ³ el centro de operaciones de la Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York en 1792. La Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York (New York Stock Exchange, NYSE) junto a NASDAQ (North American Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) y AMEX (American Exchange) son probablemente los à ­ndices de intercambio mercantil mà ¡s importantes del mundo. La crisis mà ¡s importante del mundo capitalista ocurrià ³ el 29 de Octubre de 1929. La Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York tenà ­a 13 millones de acciones para vender pero solo un pequeà ±o grupo de compradores. Consecuentemente, los precios de las acciones cayeron generando un caos catastrà ³fico enla bolsa de Nueva York. Miles de bancos, industrias y compaà ±Ãƒ ­as rurales se fueron a la bancarrota y al menos 12 millones de norteamericanos quedaron sin empleo. Tratando de enfrentar la crisis, los Estados Unidos redujeron fuertemente las compras en el extranjero y suspendieron todos los prà ©stamos internacionales, extendiendo la crisis por todo el mundo. En los à ºltimos 50 aà ±os, sin embargo, las grandes corporaciones han dominado la economà ­a americana y han asumido dimensiones globales (GMC, Coca-Cola, General Electric, Ford, Exxon, IBM, Microsoft, ATT, etc.) Debido a la competencia y para complacer a la gente comà ºn, las corporaciones han creado la posibilidad de que cualquier americano pueda comprar acciones. En la actualidad, mà ¡s del 60% de las familias americanas reservan una parte sustancial de sus ahorros para invertirlos en mercancà ­as y acciones. La Bolsa de Nueva York (New York Stock Exchange, NYSE, en inglà ©s) es el mayor mercado de valores del mundo en volumen monetario y el primero en nà ºmero de empresas adscritas. Su masa en acciones fue superada por la del NASDAQ [1] durante los aà ±os 90, pero el capital de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as listadas en la NYSE es cinco veces mayor que en el NASDAQ. La Bolsa de Nueva York cuenta con un volumen anual de transacciones de 21 billones de dà ³lares, incluyendo los 7,1 billones de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as no estadounidenses. Sus antecedentes se remontan a 1792, cuando 24 comerciantes y corredores de Nueva York firmaron el acuerdo conocido como Buttonwood Agreement, en el cual se establecà ­an reglas para comerciar con acciones. Fue creada en 1817, cuando un grupo de corredores de bolsa se organizaron formando un comità © llamado New York Stock and Exchange Board (NYSEB) con la finalidad de poder controlar el flujo de acciones que en aquellos tiempos se negociaban libremente y principalmente en la acera de Wall Street. En 1863 cambià ³ de nombre por el de New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), nombre que conserva hasta nuestros dà ­as, y se establece en Wall Street esquina con Broad Street dos aà ±os despuà ©s. En 1918, despuà ©s de la Primera Guerra Mundial, se convierte en la principal casa de bolsa del mundo, dejando atrà ¡s a la de Londres. El jueves 24 de octubre de 1929, llamado a partir de entonces el Jueves Negro, se produjo una de las mà ¡s grandes caà ­das en esta bolsa, que producirà ­a la recesià ³n econà ³mica mà ¡s importante de los Estados Unidos en el siglo XX, la Gran Depresià ³n. Actualmente es administrada por el NYSE Group, que fue formado con la fusià ³n de NYSE y Archipielago Holdings, una bolsa de valores electrà ³nica. NYSE Group cotiza actualmente en su propia bolsa de valores. En 2007 formà ³ junto a la bolsa europea Euronext: NYSE Euronext. SISTEMA FINANCIERO COLOMBIANO Composicià ³n Se Compone principalmente de instituciones financieras (bancos, corporaciones financieras) y las entidades de control (Superintendencia Bancaria) en funcià ³n de la captacià ³n de recursos (el ahorro) del publico. Tambià ©n se puede decir que hace parte del sistema, la financiacià ³n que se otorga a los emisores de valores a trabes del mercado publico de valores colombiano. Por lo tanto se reconoce la participacià ³n de los comisionistas de bolsa y la superintendencia de valores. 1. Marco Regulatorio La constitucià ³n polà ­tica faculta al congreso de la Republica, para que este expida leyes de carà ¡cter general en las cuales se indiquen los objetivos y criterios a los cuales debe sujetarse el gobierno al momento de expedir las normas que regulan las actividades financieras y bursà ¡tiles. La superintendencia Bancaria y la superintendencia de valores entidades que pertenecen a la rama ejecutiva del poder publico pero con facultades reguladoras en virtud del fenà ³meno de â€Å"deslegalizacion†, contante expide circulares y resoluciones que regulan el detalle de la actividad financiera. El Banco de la Republica como autoridad monetaria y cambiaria por expresa disposicià ³n expide las normas referentes al encaje de las tasas de interà ©s y de igual forma las normas cambiarias. La primera por obligacià ³n aplicable a los establecimientos de crà ©dito con relacià ³n a la restriccià ³n de circulante y la segunda en desarrollo de su labor de intermediario del mercado cambiario. Sistema financiero en le cual en el cual hacen parte varias instituciones financieras, com

Judgement :: essays research papers

Judgement People can often be treated and judged in a less than equal manner before people even know the true nature of the person, such as the way that the Finch children think that Boo Radley is some kind of a monster. Or the way people call Atticus Finch is called a nigger-lover. One of my most favorite quotations is that of Martin Luther King Junior. "I have a dream, that one day my children will be judged not by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character." People should make judgements of the person's character, not by their appearance, race, religion, sexuality, and morals. One of the main focuses of the book is the Finch children trying to get Boo Radley next door to come out of his house. To them he is a mean monstrous person. But for some reason they seem to think that tormenting him is the best way to occupy their time. In fact, to the whole town the Radley family are mean people that kept to them selves. "There goes the meanest man ever God blew breath into," said Calpurnia (page 12). This shows how mean people can be just by judging others by their outsides. What gives these people the right to make these kind of conclusions without ever even meeting the person(s). Later in the book the Finch children find presents hidden in a tree next to the Radley place. They can't figure out who would set these nice gifts out for them. Later they find out that is Boo Radley. He is just trying to be nice and other people won't accept his original approach on life. At one point in the book the children decide to go up onto the porch to try and get a peak inside the window. Then they see Mr. Radley inside with a shotgun and they ran away. Jem got her pants ripped off on a fence and returned later to retrieve them and she found them mended and laying over the fence. Another example of how nice the Radley's are is when it was shivering cold outside someone places a blanket over Scout's shoulders. Only later does she realize that the act was performed by the mysterious Boo Radley. I have just given multiple examples straight from the book of how the personalities of the person can be radically different from their appearance. That leads back to my thesis of judging people by their character not their outer shell. One more maddening incident in the book that made me just furious when I

Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase For Lincolns Killer by James L. Swanson.

A movie hero became the moving hero after he assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. For once, he fired not the dummy shots, but the ones that will give him fame and place in World History in general and American History in particular. The entire Nation was the audience for this movie. John Wilkes Booth knew that death was following him; perhaps his final acting assignment came to the end, on the 12th day of the ‘shooting!’ The author’s thesis in his book is simple and direct: Why John Wilkes Booth did what he did? Was it the spontaneous overflow of his deep anguish over the policies of the President? The assassin had just twelve days to live after he shot the President; the security forces chasing did   shoot him; but before that they burnt he barn in which he was hiding! The author’s perspective: The author James L. Swanson, will not get another subject matter like this, may God forbid! The man who was killed and the man who killed him, both wee well known personalities in their respective areas. The statesman-politician versus the versatile movie-man! The assassin was a famous, handsome actor, who otherwise commanded lots of respect. The ‘Booth Capturing’ ordeal lasted for 12 days, from April 14 to 26, 1865. The chase was a thriller; it would beat the best stunt and war movie as for the sequence of events! The author describes how the sympathetic individuals tried to save the killer and how he was finally outsmarted by the security forces! Swanson has written the book with a terrific sense of involvement. He has given a very interesting book and from the point of view of writing style, he gives total justice to the tragic subject. Why not! He is a member of the Lincoln Bicentennial Commission, and must have sieved through the vast literature available on the life, death and after -death sequence of events related to the greatest President of USA, Abraham Lincoln. The man who initiated the Civil War for a great cause, and the man who rejoiced and applauded with open heart, its conclusion! The Nation then must have waited with bated breath as for the day to day hunt for the killer and heaved the sigh of relief when the assassin met with the gory end. On April 26, when Booth refused to surrender, troops set the barn in which he was hiding, on fire. Sergeant Boston Corbett shot the assassin. After a few hours at sunrise, Booth died. April 26-27 Booth's body was brought back to Washington, autopsied, photographed, and buried in a secret grave.   Ã‚  He got what he deserved. Lincoln deserved more to enjoy the fructification of his ideals. But destiny played its part. They say, â€Å"It is better to deserve without receiving, than to receive without deserving!† The theme of the novel is great! How the author handles the theme is even greater, which evokes unending curiosity. The level of detachment achieved by the author in handling a highly sensitive action-packed subject is commendable. Without giving room for too much sentimentalism, the various grim situations manifest clearly, grow and attain new dimensions. The book deserves an outstanding position and grade on account of this approach. It is not a book; it is the triumph! Conclusion: The action of John Wilkes Booth can not be termed as spontaneous. He wished to avenge the defeat of the South. His heart was the abode of racial hatred. On April 14, 1865 around noon Booth got the information that Lincoln was coming to Ford’s Theatre that night. Within eight hours he had prepared his plan of assassination. This shows that the decision to kill Lincoln was not spontaneous. He was mentally prepared for that, much earlier. The book is the story of the manhunt, but in a book of about 400 pages, Lincoln’s death occurs in page 139. Lots of related backgrounder information is provided in the book. It has all the qualities of mystery, history, detective story and tragedy. It is the delight of the psycho-analyst.                                                                     

Rhetorical Analysis Jane Welty Essay

Jamaica Kincaid grew up in a world where everything she owned wasn’t hers. While she may have physically owned it, mentally she did not. As her world of Antigua was being eaten alive by England, Kincaids family loved every bit of it. In the essay, On Seeing England for the First Time, Jamaica Kincaid uses several literary elements to explore her negative feelings towards England and England’s influence in Antigua. Three of the main elements used in the essay are structure, ethos, and diction. Structure plays a role in the power of this essay by the way the author presents ideas. Kincaid employs the method of increasing importance to bring her points home. By beginning the essay with herself in a classroom the reader gets a firm foundation of setting, time, place, etc. She describes seeing the map of England and the very first thoughts that go through her head. She then tells about the people that got to wear it and where they wore it and how it effected her life. With each story Kincaid tells, she is also using increasing importance in conjunction with ethos to make the reader feel as she did. She tells further stories about her childhood experiences that make the reader feel England’s oppression and begin to hate what was happening themselves. She tells of her fathers hat and how he wore it everyday from the second he got up to the second he went to bed shows exactly how much some people cared for England and how they were falling under its spell. The reader feels as though England is forcing this upon them and emotions are felt towards the subject. Each story gets more relevant and more powerful, causing increased importance and increased hatred. A third method used in the essay is diction, which is used to show how great the oppression of Antigua had become. Almost everything in Antigua was made in England, ranging from socks to the idea of eating a large breakfast. England had encompassed almost everything in Antigua and most of the people had fallen to it. Kincaid repeats the phrase and idea â€Å"Made in England.† She tells of this being on almost everything she owned. She says, â€Å"Those words, ‘Made in England,’ they were written on the box the oats came in(,)†¦ on the box the shoes I was wearing came in; a bolt of gray linen cloth†¦ my  mother had bought†¦(, and) so were my socks and undergarments.† She applies â€Å"Made in England† to cars, hats, food, and ideas. She tells of her fathers hat that was â€Å"Made in England,† Even ridiculing England to call say that the hat was made of the wrong material. Kincaid describes the hat to be made of felt, the wrong fabric for the climate and time of year. In a way this relates to the overall subject of England not being right for Antigua. Kincaid feels as though England is something that Antigua is â€Å"wearing,† and incorrectly at that. Jamaica Kincaid was just a poor soul trapped under the sway of the English culture. While many others didn’t even realize the change, Kincaid saw it happening all around her. She closes the story by telling of how she would need to know how to correctly draw a map of England for every test she was ever going to take. She tells how at the time it was a simple statement, but how it would grow to her erasure, as it had many others. She was there to see her world being erased and refused to let that happen to herself, which is why she wrote this essay. She told of the the oppression using literary strategies in order to make her hatred fully known to readers, something she did quite well.

Applying when you dont meet all the requirements for a job

Applying when you dont meet all the requirements for a job Ever come across a job you’re keen on but decide not to apply because you couldn’t check off every item on the requirements list? Many of us (women especially, according to internal research by Hewlett-Packard) tend to shy away from putting our resumes forward if our qualifications are less than perfect for a role. And while some explain this away as a confidence issue, a survey reported on by Harvard Business Review showed that a good 41% to 46% of people don’t apply for positions they’re not 100% qualified for because they believe that the listed job criteria are set in stone, and they don’t want to waste time and energy if they don’t have a chance. But the truth is, it’s not often that hiring managers will insist that every requirement is met. In fact, field experts will tell you that a job description is usually just a bold act of optimism and wishful thinking on the part of a recruiter, who doesn’t honestly believe that suc h a dream candidate even exists. It’s much like the search for a romantic partner: we’d all like to find someone who ticks boxes X, Y, and Z, but we’d probably settle for a match with just X and a little Y.So, should you apply for that role that doesn’t quite align with your experience? It depends, but you definitely shouldn’t dismiss the possibility too quickly. To decide whether it’s worthwhile applying when you don’t meet all the requirements, ask yourself these questions. And if the answer to most is â€Å"yes,† go for it. (And if you think you’ll need help revamping your resume to the job ad specifications, consider putting   a free resume builder to work.)Questions to Ask Yourself When You’re Missing a Few QualificationsDo I satisfy the non-negotiable criteria?There’ll likely be a lot of fluff in the job description – â€Å"bonus† requirements, you might call them – but thereâ⠂¬â„¢ll also be certain must-haves that are key to a candidate’s ability to do the job. Figure out what these essentials are, and if you’re confident you possess them, then go ahead and apply. Remember, you can always grow into the nice-to-haves.Am I confident I can do the job?Read the posting carefully and try to envision what the successful candidate would do on a daily basis. Based on this, think about whether the role is one you genuinely believe you can take on, and whether you’re confident you could quickly fill any gaps. You’ll know deep down whether you’re capable despite your shortcomings or whether you’re aiming too high.Am I a good overall match?Answering this one also requires some thorough research – into the company culture, the hiring manager, and the team you’d work with. Employers regularly hire candidates that feel like a good fit, even if they don’t satisfy all the criteria. So, if you can clearly comm unicate why you’re an outstanding match based on the business’s values, goals, and working environment, you could potentially make up for the fact that you’re wanting in other departments.Does the job genuinely excite me?It’s important to be realistic here – no matter how much the prospect of being a pilot thrills you, you’re not going to get the job if you’ve never flown a plane. But if you’re more or less qualified and you’re really enthusiastic about the job and the organization, this will hopefully come across in your application and help to compensate for the few qualifications you lack.Do I have transferable skills relevant to the role?These are competencies you developed in former roles that transfer well to new (unrelated) positions – soft skills, for example, like the ability to communicate clearly and work well in a team. Analyze the posting and make connections between your skillset and the strengths th ey’d like a hire to have. If you can show that you possess many of the required abilities, even if you have insufficient technical knowledge, you have a higher chance of being considered for the role.Planning to Apply? Keep These Tips in MindSo, you’ve answered â€Å"yes† to most of the above, and you’ve decided to apply. Follow this advice to up your chances of landing an interview.Perfect your cover letterIf you’re thinking about applying when you don’t meet all the requirements, then you’re going to need a strong cover letter. Use it to highlight your transferable skills and the unique value you could offer, rather than focusing on what you lack. Be sure to also convey your passion for the position, your confidence in your ability to do the job, and your commitment to hitting the ground running.Use the right keywords Take note of the kind of language that’s used in the job ad and pepper your resume and cover letter with iden tical industry-specific phrases (while still being honest). This way, you can work the system to your advantage and get your application through keyword-reliant applicant tracking systems (ATSs) and into human hands.Connect with an insiderWhen the odds are stacked against you, your best chances at success lie with having the right connections. Don’t know anyone at the company? Check LinkedIn to be sure. Still nothing? Then research relevant names and reach out to them to ask (politely) if you can send through a few questions – or better yet, meet over coffee. Once you’ve established a connection who can make introductions, you’re a lot closer to securing your dream position, and it starts to matter less that you don’t meet every requirement.LiveCareer  offers assistance to jobseekers at every step of the journey. Access free  resume templates  and  resume examples, plus a  cover letter builder  and advice on how to answer  interview q uestions  of all stripes.

Spotting Parts of Speech With a Reading Lesson

Spotting Parts of Speech With a Reading Lesson Reading can be used to help students practice their recognition skills of the eight parts of speech in English, as well as different types of important structure such as titles, headings, bolding, and italics. Another important skill that students should develop while reading is the ability to spot synonyms and antonyms. This beginning to lower-intermediate lesson provides a short reading selection from which students should extract examples of parts of speech and writing structures as well as finding synonyms and antonyms. Aim: Learning to recognize specific parts of speech, increasing vocabulary through the use of synonyms and antonymsActivity: Short reading selection from which students extract examplesLevel: Beginner to lower-intermediate Outline Check understanding of parts of speech, as well as structural elements as a class. Use an exercise book, or other reading materials as available.Ask students use the short reading selection to spot the various parts of speech, as well as synonyms and antonyms suggested.Correct in class.Expand the exercise by asking students to provide more synonyms and antonyms. Spot the Words and Phrases Fill in the worksheet below spotting the requested word, phrase or larger structure. Heres a quick review to help you complete the task: Noun - objects, things, and peopleVerbs - what objects, things and people DOAdjective - words that describe objects, things, and peopleAdverb - words that describe how, where or when something is donePrepositions - words that show relationships between thingsSynonyms - words that mean the sameAntonyms - words that mean the oppositeTitle - name of a book, article or story My Friend Mark by Kenneth Beare Mark’s Childhood My friend Mark was born in a small town in the north of Canada called Dooly. Mark grew up a happy and interested boy. He was a good student in school who studied carefully for all his exams and got very good grades. When it came time to go to university, Mark decided to move to the United States in order to attend the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Mark at University Mark enjoyed his time at university. In fact, he enjoyed his time immensely, but he didn’t really spend the time studying for his courses. He preferred to travel around Oregon, to visit all the sites. He even climbed Mt. Hood twice! Mark became very strong, but his grades suffered because he was lazy. During his third year at university, Mark changed his major to agricultural studies. This turned out to be a very good choice, and Mark slowly began to get good grades again. In the end, Mark graduated from the University of Oregon with a degree in agricultural sciences. Mark Gets Married Two years after Mark graduated, he met a wonderful, hardworking woman named Angela. Angela and Mark fell in love immediately. After three years of dating, Mark and Angela married in a beautiful church on the coast of Oregon. They’ve been married for two years and now have three lovely children. All in all, life has been very good to Mark. He’s a happy man and I’m happy for him. Please find examples of: the author’s namea titlea sentencea paragraphthree nounsfour verbstwo adjectivestwo adverbsthree prepositionsan exclamationa synonym for â€Å"too relaxed†an antonym for â€Å"to leave school†an adjective which is a synonym for â€Å"powerful†an adverb which is an antonym of â€Å"slowly†a verb which is a synonym for â€Å"go to school†a noun which is a synonym for â€Å"test†a verb which is an antonym for â€Å"go down†a noun which is a synonym for â€Å"diploma†an antonym for the adjective â€Å"awful†an antonym for the adjective â€Å"sad†a synonym for the verb â€Å"to go out with a girlfriend or boyfriend†

Business Law1

Business Law1 Essay The full name of the first company I chose is Entrust Technologies Inc. The state and year of incorporation is Texas in 1996. The company was a spin-off of Nortel Networks. The worldwide headquarters for the corporation is 4975 Preston Park Blvd Suite 400 Plano, Texas 75093. The Chief Executive Officer and President of the company is John Ryan. The number of shareholders is in the 26, 000 range and the stock is traded on the NASDAQ. The ticker symbol for the corporation is ENTU. The CUSIP number is _________. The price range of Entrust Technologies from 1998 1999 was $24 upon opening on January 1, 1998 and its close was $60 on December 31, 1999 (See chart 1.1, attached to back of paper full year price range). The corporation has many subsidiaries that it recognizes: Entrust Technologies Limited, Entrust. net, Entrust Technologies (United Kingdom, Switzerland, Japan), Entrust Technologies GmbH (Germany) and CygnaCom Solutions. Entrust Technologies Inc. provides products and services to ensure secure electronic communications and transactions over the Internet, Extranets and Intranets. (http://biz.yahoo.com/p/e/entu. html) The company is ahead of its game in the Internet business. A lawsuit was filed against the company in February of 1999 by Surety technologies, Inc. The lawsuit involved the supposed infringement of patent rights on the part of Entrust Technologies. Surety said they developed a digital timestamping method using hash and sign. They claim it was their method and only theirs. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ruled for Entrust claiming that the patent covering the special hash -and- sign method used by Surety was not a new thing. Any company could use the technology to better their communication systems by timestamping electronic documents. The lawsuit and verdict proved to the rest of the world that Entrust Technologies is ready to advance all companies with special devices to make their business run a little bit smoother. The verdict was handed down in November 1999 and gave ENTU a very strong third quarter. Their revenue increased from $13.0 million to $22.6 million in one year. The lawsuit benefited, not hampered the business practices of Entrust Technologies. There are literally hundreds of competitors in the computer services business. AutoBytel Com Inc., Agency Com LTD, Publicard Inc, Zapme Inc., Knot Inc. and Paychex Inc. are just some of the companies that compete in the business with Entrust Technologies (See 1.2, attached file regarding the competitors). VectorVest rates the long-range outlook for the stock poorly in most areas. They rate stocks well that are steady and predictable. All the stocks are rated on a 0.00 2. 00 scale, a relative safety greater than 1.00 is safe and below 1.00 is not a safe buy. ENTU was given a relative safety of 0.71, very poor. The relative value is a 0. 82, also poor. When a stock has a relative safety and value greater than 1.00 the earning rate will increase and shares will increase in value. Entrust was given a relative timing rating of 1.04, which is fair in this field. The trend established is fair and might last depending on the stocks dependability. VectorVest also suggests that ENTU is overvalued and having a high-risk dividend because it does not pay a dividend. This also shows that ENTU has not dividend growth and that indicates future outlook and past history. In conclusion, Entrust Technologies has a below average safety with below average upside potential. This reflects the stocks potential and almost ensures below average, inconsistent returns. Reesegroup.com rates ENTU as having no interest at this time. Entrust Technologies Inc. was a good buy. I disagree with the critics on this one. When I bought the stock on January 20th it was at $56 and it rose up and down slowly to 92 .

Competitor Analysis Table Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Competitor Analysis Table - Essay Example Market Position Price 7. e-Zest Offshore software outsourcing company with expertise in outsourced product development and custom software development services through global software development model. Have offices in UK, USA, and India. e-Zest offers its services to ISVs/IT services, Healthcare, Finance, Manufacturing, Legal, Education, Sports, HR & Travel business verticals. e-Zest have dedicated Microsoft , Sun & Open Source Competency Centers which focus on solutions and services on based Microsoft .NET (2.0/3.0), Sun Java EE (2.0/5.0) & LAMP respectively NA 8. OOCI Based in Gujarat, India it provides various services like Web Designing, web Development, Software Development, Offshore Development, Yahoo Store Designing, Web Promotion, Multimedia Solution etc. Customized solution, Microsoft solution Technology (ASP.Net, VB.Net) NA S.No Competitor Name History and Size Summary of Services Market Position Price 9. Congruent Info-Tech Founded in 2000 as an offshore development center for Congruent Software Inc., headquartered in the United States. It supports Microsoft Dynamics (formerly Microsoft Business Solutions) products. Microsoft Dynamics Partners and clients for projects involving Microsoft Navision, Microsoft Solomon, Microsoft Great Plains, Microsoft CRM, and . Net. Congruent specializes in providing professional software development to independent solution vendors NA 10. Moga Services A privately owned company offering IT Consulting, Offshore Software Development services and IT staffing to various clients in the U.S. and Europe since 2001. Microsoft Dynamics CRM Microsoft Small Business Financials Microsoft Dynamics GP NA S.No Competitor Name History and Size Summary of Services Market Position Price 11. Benchmark Offshore...Become more agile, scaleable to match the size of the organization, Scalable and customizable. In December 2004, we launched eBECS Enterprise Distribution Call Centre Management (eDCCM), providing a truly integrated solution for companies that need seamless support through call centre to warehousing, logistics and distribution. Our first customer JJ Food Services achieved a phenomenal return on their investment using eDCCM and we are now rolling the solution out to our network of trusted partners around the world. In 2006, JJ Food Services as the first customer of eDCCM won the British Computer Society award for Best ERP Solution against such names as Car Phone Warehouse and ITV. In the same year eBECS was acclaimed as one of Britain's fastest growing tech companies in The Sunday Times Microsoft Tech Track.

Room management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Room management - Essay Example dustries mainly deals with perishable products, such as hotel rooms, meeting room in a hotel and banquet hall, and thereby, utilize the term revenue management to combine fixed capacity and inventory of the hotel. Revenue management strategy helps to discriminate between the customer who seeks for low cost and minimal service, with some other those are radically paying more attention on high quality service and convenience level. Kimberley et al. (2010) describes revenue management as a means to innovation. It helps hotel managers to create new product and service and also the associated pricing strategy. According to Talluri and Ryzin (2004), revenue management strategy accounts for 53-75 % of its total revenue, although in reality there are some hotels that have experienced much higher impact. In a hotel, the revenue management strategy helps to control and manage the overall revenue efficiently. It is very important especially for the big hotel chains, to reach their customer’s expectations and manage technological tools such as computer program and reservation system in an appropriate manner. Thus, hotel sector needs to make sure that rates charged by them are suitable for the market, seasonality and competitor set. Revenue management strategy is extremely advantageous to company as it allows an organization to provide personalized service to its customer irrespective of the capacity of the customers. Investment in this strategy helps to categorize the significant market segments and creates valuable market opportunities (Irene, 2005). Revenue management is not about setting and updating the price strategy, but updating the availability of price strategy during the booking period. Revenue management helps the hotel to customize their pricing strategies according to the individual needs of the customers. This helps the hotels to extract consumer surplus and transforms it into organizational surplus, which results in increasing the overall profit of the

Making Ethics Rules Stick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Making Ethics Rules Stick - Essay Example Often, employees know the rules but run into ethical problems when they try to circumvent them. A company's standard for ethical enforcement is the most important factor. He quotes Noah Pickus, associate director of the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University, who asserts "Institutions have ethical cultures. Individuals are shaped by, and respond to, those cultures. Rules are always important, but more important is how those rules are aligned with what people 'know' about what the institution allows or encourages" (para. 10). The key for ethical improvement in any corporation is to establish a strong connection between the ethics rules and the corporate culture. Raspberry goes on to quote Pickus: "If a corporation is serious about ethical standards, it will show up not just in rules but in performance reviews -- in the entire culture of the place . . . what does it say when the people who have gone to jail for various kinds of fraud were, before their convictions, systematically promoted by their companies" Essentially, promoting strong ethics requires a sound ethical structure that acts as a foundation for the entire culture of the organization. ... The article maintains that a more ethical approach to ethics training would be to embrace it for the right reasons - a real desire to instill an ethical mindset and standard of behavior throughout the organization. While there is certainly some benefit to reinforcing the rules, it has little effect on the long term ethical state of an organization unless those rules are connected with the values that govern the day-to-day activities and transactions of the business. The question posed by the article is whether it can be considered ethical for a company to provide ethics training in order to protect itself from potential legal problems down the road. Ethical Approaches Under the various goal based and duty based ethical approaches to analyzing the issue posed by the Raspberry article, it would be difficult to maintain that the recent explosion of ethics training among American companies is ethical. Neither the training itself nor the effect of the training is necessarily a good thing from a long-term perspective if it is undertaken in a half-hearted way that is not supported by the overall culture of the organization, and designed solely to cover the posterior of the corporate executives who decide to implement the training. A deontological assessment of the act itself would require that it be an inherently good thing to do, which it would be if it were done for the right reasons. On the other hand, a teleological assessment of the repercussions of the act would require that it produce a positive outcome, which it would if it were carried through in the organizational culture. Neither is the case here, and thus these ethical approaches require

Outsourcing implications and impacts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Outsourcing implications and impacts - Essay Example With the passage of time, when the size of companies increases as compared to their resources then â€Å"outsourcing† becomes a final choice In this scenario, they outsource their business operations to some outside firm and put attention on their core business activities. However, throughout the outsourcing procedure, it is essential for the company to clearly explain its particular organisational requirements, select the exact suppliers, administer the change process efficiently, manage the outsourcing relationship with suppliers effectively, and simultaneously build up a continuing affiliation with the supplier (Cooke et al., 2005). This report discusses a detailed overview of the concept â€Å"outsourcing†. This basic aim of this research is to explore the implications of outsourcing and the longer-term impact of outsourcing for the strategic and operational roles of the logistics and supplies functions. Outsourcing: An overview After 1990 there emerged a fashion in business reformation towards a ‘focus on core processes’ and outsourcing of other activities in different corporate operations. In this scenario, corporations looking for to pay attention on their core business have a propensity for outsourcing non-core processes to other firms that are experts in these domains. Outsourcing is defined as the agreement with a different corporation or individual to perform a specific job. Approximately every business subcontracts in several ways. Usually, the task being subcontracted is recognized noncore to the corporate. For example, an insurance company might outsource its janitorial as well as background processes to businesses that focus on those kinds of work as they are not associated to insurance or else premeditated to the company. In this regard, the outside firms those are offering the subcontracting services are called 3rd party supplier, or as they are further normally acknowledged as service suppliers. At present, outsourci ng includes a lot of varieties. Additionally, the corporations so far engage service supplier to effectively manage different business functions, for instance remuneration administration. On the other hand, some businesses outsource the entire operations. In this scenario, the majority ordinary types of outsourcing include information technology outsourcing (ITO) and business process outsourcing (BPO). In simple words, outsourcing is a practice of contracting computer related operations, telecommunication networks, call center services or application development to external vendors (Sourcingmag, 2011; Flecker, 2009; Yakhlef, 2009; Laudon & Laudon, 1999, p.381). Implications In ever-increasing competitive business world, corporations put attention on core processes and subcontract non-core processes to other firms. At present, majority of businesses is accepting business process outsourcing (BPO), which refers to outsourcing of non-core business activities in addition to supporting i nformation technology. Moreover, at present for the companies can outsource virtually anything they could care for. There are lots of outsourcing examples such as graphic design work, marketing company products and services, by means of a mixture of virtual assistant services (Adam, 2009), (Maelah et al., 2010; Banerjee & Williams, 2009). A lot of organisations have outsourced their business processes to outside firms for instance, last year Hewitt Associates bought Exult and recently more than 420 USD were paid by the Electronic Data Systems in scenario of human resources outsourcing division of Towers Perrin. There is another example in which the services of Mellon Financial Corp.'s human resources consulting

Annotated Source List Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annotated Source List Assignment - Essay Example I am going to use a book Impact of electronic publishing written by David J Brown and Richard Boulder-stone. The writers discuss the consequences of electronic publishing and recommends on how publishers, writers and readers can assess electronic materials. Three Views of the internet written by Ann Marie and Wendy Wicks is another book that I will put into consideration since it has articles about the use of internet in publishing Industry. In addition, I will combine books and an eBook: The misuse of information systems by John P D’Arcy and Encyclopedia of Internet technologies and applications by Mario marques respectively. Other relative important articles that I have found helpful in doing the research include: Impact of Technology in Publishing by Hanno Ronte; impact of internet in the newspaper industry by George Wilbert.; and Effects of Information Technology on the Publishing Industry by Otuoma Sanya. The above articles will provide information on impacts of internet technologies in different publishing sectors. The articles will also provide information on how the internet has benefited and advanced publication sector. Numerous inquiries have developed on the impacts of internet publishing. I am really befuddled and thinking about how publishers and authors gain yet their work is downloaded free from the internet unless in some few cases like in Amazon where books are sold. This sometimes lead to the authors and publishers being demoralized since they gain less from their hard work they put across ensuring that the work they present is of high quality. I have a tendency to surmise that the amount of cash used by a reader as a part of downloading the materials is shared among the internet administrators, publishers and scholars. Numerous creative writers are gaining a great deal of cash through posting their imaginative work. I ponder what the internet has done to publishing commercial

Making Ethics Rules Stick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Making Ethics Rules Stick - Essay Example Often, employees know the rules but run into ethical problems when they try to circumvent them. A company's standard for ethical enforcement is the most important factor. He quotes Noah Pickus, associate director of the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University, who asserts "Institutions have ethical cultures. Individuals are shaped by, and respond to, those cultures. Rules are always important, but more important is how those rules are aligned with what people 'know' about what the institution allows or encourages" (para. 10). The key for ethical improvement in any corporation is to establish a strong connection between the ethics rules and the corporate culture. Raspberry goes on to quote Pickus: "If a corporation is serious about ethical standards, it will show up not just in rules but in performance reviews -- in the entire culture of the place . . . what does it say when the people who have gone to jail for various kinds of fraud were, before their convictions, systematically promoted by their companies" Essentially, promoting strong ethics requires a sound ethical structure that acts as a foundation for the entire culture of the organization. ... The article maintains that a more ethical approach to ethics training would be to embrace it for the right reasons - a real desire to instill an ethical mindset and standard of behavior throughout the organization. While there is certainly some benefit to reinforcing the rules, it has little effect on the long term ethical state of an organization unless those rules are connected with the values that govern the day-to-day activities and transactions of the business. The question posed by the article is whether it can be considered ethical for a company to provide ethics training in order to protect itself from potential legal problems down the road. Ethical Approaches Under the various goal based and duty based ethical approaches to analyzing the issue posed by the Raspberry article, it would be difficult to maintain that the recent explosion of ethics training among American companies is ethical. Neither the training itself nor the effect of the training is necessarily a good thing from a long-term perspective if it is undertaken in a half-hearted way that is not supported by the overall culture of the organization, and designed solely to cover the posterior of the corporate executives who decide to implement the training. A deontological assessment of the act itself would require that it be an inherently good thing to do, which it would be if it were done for the right reasons. On the other hand, a teleological assessment of the repercussions of the act would require that it produce a positive outcome, which it would if it were carried through in the organizational culture. Neither is the case here, and thus these ethical approaches require

Annotated Source List Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annotated Source List Assignment - Essay Example I am going to use a book Impact of electronic publishing written by David J Brown and Richard Boulder-stone. The writers discuss the consequences of electronic publishing and recommends on how publishers, writers and readers can assess electronic materials. Three Views of the internet written by Ann Marie and Wendy Wicks is another book that I will put into consideration since it has articles about the use of internet in publishing Industry. In addition, I will combine books and an eBook: The misuse of information systems by John P D’Arcy and Encyclopedia of Internet technologies and applications by Mario marques respectively. Other relative important articles that I have found helpful in doing the research include: Impact of Technology in Publishing by Hanno Ronte; impact of internet in the newspaper industry by George Wilbert.; and Effects of Information Technology on the Publishing Industry by Otuoma Sanya. The above articles will provide information on impacts of internet technologies in different publishing sectors. The articles will also provide information on how the internet has benefited and advanced publication sector. Numerous inquiries have developed on the impacts of internet publishing. I am really befuddled and thinking about how publishers and authors gain yet their work is downloaded free from the internet unless in some few cases like in Amazon where books are sold. This sometimes lead to the authors and publishers being demoralized since they gain less from their hard work they put across ensuring that the work they present is of high quality. I have a tendency to surmise that the amount of cash used by a reader as a part of downloading the materials is shared among the internet administrators, publishers and scholars. Numerous creative writers are gaining a great deal of cash through posting their imaginative work. I ponder what the internet has done to publishing commercial

After Reading The Road Not Taken Essay Example for Free

After Reading The Road Not Taken Essay Introduction Within works of literature, often times the most valuable part of the work is not that which is readily apparent after a quick reading of the work; the true gems to be found within literature are those which are only discovered after a thorough study of the work and a deep consideration of what the author is really trying to convey to a reader, or perhaps conclusions that readers can draw on their own through the use of their imagination and interpretation. With all of this in mind, Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken will be the focus of this research. Why This Work was Chosen There are several reasons why this work was chosen as the focus of the research; first, even when the work is quickly read and taken just at face value, as was earlier discussed, the words flow beautifully and make the mind of the reader travel, just as the narrator of the work seems to do. When Frost uses such adjectives as â€Å"yellow†, â€Å"grassy† and the like, one feels peaceful and calm. On the other hand, just as this work reveals certain elements to the reader from the first reading, closer review and consideration drives the imagination of the reader to create other reactions and conclusions about the work, and perhaps that is the best thing that any work can do-to inspire the reader to a higher level of thought, emotion and belief. With all of this in mind, it is now possible to discuss reactions to Frost’s work which makes all of these points much clearer. Reactions to the Work Simply put, the first reaction that came about through a study of The Road Not Taken is one of excitement for the limitless opportunities open to human beings as indicated by Frost. When Frost wrote: â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference† (Frost, 1930, p. 131), what he appears to be saying is that by taking on those challenges and directions in life that other cannot or will not take on in fact can strengthen the individual and give them a deeper and more meaningful life. Additionally, this work has also come across as a highly inspirational one, as it tells the reader that they can be or do anything they choose- representation of the ultimate level of freedom. Conclusion As this research moves toward its conclusion, there are a few key points that deserve repeating. First, this research has shown that through the talents of skilled authors, words can in fact be put into sentences and phrases which transport the reader to another place and state of emotion. In this way, people are able to be enhanced and changed by reading, and experiencing, given works of literature. Second, while many works are captivating and enlightening from the first reading of them, the more and more that they are read and more deeply studied, there are new attributes which come to the surface. Third, and perhaps most importantly, literature proves that the human experience is not something which reaches a certain level or age and is considered complete; rather, it is a constantly changing and ongoing phenomenon which is enriched through things such as literature which expand the mind, broaden the imagination, and soothe the soul of readers. These conclusions came to mind as a result of studying The Road Not Taken and only prove, once again, that choosing this work to research was an excellent idea. References Frost, R. (1930). Collected Poems of Robert Frost. New York: Henry Holt.

Supermarkets And Consumer Behavior In Vietnam Marketing Essay

Supermarkets And Consumer Behavior In Vietnam Marketing Essay Introduction; product and assignment First I believe it is important to briefly fresh up the memory of what product this assignment is based on. Or at least what the outcome of this gathered information will be compared against. The product to introduce in Vietnam is CartCom. It provides the super markets with a new way to communicate with their customers. It is a plastic bracket that is clicked on the handle of the shopping cart and it can be provided with material as advertisements from suppliers or information from the chain. This material is printed on cardboards and put inside the bracket for customers to observe, read, remember and eventually shop. This assignment will emphasize on the change in the Vietnamese society concerning the way they shop and where they shop. There will be focus on numbers, statistics and facts to justify my statements. First I will concentrate on the change from the charming and typical Vietnamese street markets, to the more western way of grocery shopping: the super markets. Later on I will turn the focus on to the consumer behavior in Vietnam and how the presented information affects the introduction of CartCom to the retail chains in Vietnam. The change from traditional street markets to modern supermarkets C:UsersKamillaDesktopcoop mart in vietnam.jpgC:UsersKamillaDesktopStreet market in Vietnam.jpg There has been a remarkable change in the socio culture regarding the shopping in Vietnam. The trends have now changed the routines of grocery shopping and preferences from street markets to super markets. 56% of the total population in Vietnam is below the age of thirty.  [1]  A young population means growth in purchasing power and therefore the super markets could target Vietnam, expand and push the people of Vietnam to join in on this kind of shopping culture. Vietnam retail Industry Analysis has found that Vietnam is set to undergo a huge transformation from 2007 to 2011.  [2]  The air conditions mini marts and the supermarkets are becoming dominant. This also means that Vietnam is currently experiencing significant changes to the distribution system in particular, but also the food system it selves.  [3]   Supermarkets are replacing the traditional Vietnamese hawkers and markets. Their street life, shopping habits are changing because of western trends are taken into consideration and followed. Many are disappointed, especially guides and tourists, because local markets and street vendors are now closing. But this is all because of the change in the socio culture and the change in the peoples preferences regarding their shopping habits. The government is encouraging the boom in shopping centre development and the abandoning of traditional markets.  [4]  The supermarket business is very successful and the Vietnamese retail market is viewed as the third most promising retail market in the world.  [5]   Supermarkets versus street markets How could the supermarkets take charge in Vietnam? Do they provide the same value as the old markets? Probably they do, if not they would not survive. Concerning the consumer behavior there are three topics to touch upon regarding the Vietnamese retail market. The numbers are collected at Ac Nielsen ´s report on groceries in Vietnam from 2010. First I found that 67% of total consumer expenditure is on fresh food. This means that eventually the supermarkets became excellent in their offerings of fresh food, so the consumers could turn from the street markets (known for the splendid fresh groceries) and to the supermarkets. If the supermarkets did not offer a satisfying solution to the consumers need for fresh food, I believe this change would not be happening so quickly and maybe the local markets would survive a bit longer. The supermarket chains knew what they needed to provide to turn the consumers into supermarket shopping instead of street market shopping. And they succeeded. The second important issue to touch upon is that most consumers (64%) are aware of price changes and are continually searching for promotions. So the supermarkets have an advantage regarding their opportunity to purchase large amounts of goods and groceries, store them and offer promotions weekly and even daily. This in balance with the promise of always having fresh food. High quality goods and frequent big sales are drawing large numbers of shoppers to supermarkets and away from traditional markets. Supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh City are crammed with people during weekends and attracting most middle-income customers.  [6]  This proves the strong positions the supermarkets are now gaining in Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh City. Finally it is said that Vietnamese people buy and use Vietnamese products. In connection with CartCom; this is why we chose not to provide the advertising material to the CartCom in addition to the bracket. The supermarkets know their suppliers and they know their customers, we have no knowledge and nothing to contribute concerning the design and decisions for the material used inside. To expand the value in our product to new highs, we will look into the possibility of introducing the screens instead of the plastic bracket. We believe this is yet to expensive and complicated, but when we have gotten the retail chains to see the effect of CartCom, we believe there is opportunities for a digital screen on the carts where you will be able to have your shopping list and also receive information and advertisements. Consumer behavior in Vietnam; south compared to north A finding concerning the consumer behavior alone is worth noticing. This is the differences in consumer behavior between north and south in Vietnam. We will introduce CartCom to Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) primarily, so I will focus on this city describing the behavior. Regarding promotion the people here favor all types of promotion, and from my point of view they are more innovative and unrestricted. Price promotions alone will not appeal strongly to the consumers in HCMC. In north this type of promotion is the most effective. As a result the CartCom can be explored in many different ways in the south and not only be used to push sale and push information on low prices. The supermarkets can use CartCom to provide advertising using the supplier brands in other promotions like for example dinner tips and exclusiveness, quality and accessibility in stores. One last finding worth discussing is that the people in HCMC and in the south are more early adapters than in the north. It is always important to think of the decision makers. We are in the b2b market and when selling to companies, in our case the supermarket chains, the decision makers will also here be the key to success. Who are making the decisions whether or not to start using CartCom? One thing is certain; if it is people from south that makes the decisions we are more likely to be approved. The supermarkets are in the b2c market and they make decisions on the basis of what they believe their customers will approve of. People in HCMC are innovative, early adapters and approving of new ideas concerning promotions.  [7]  I believe HCMC is a right choice because CartCom has a good chance of succeeding there and also because the people here fit the description of what kind of customers needed for the desirable response we wish to achieve. Conclusion; CartCom in Vietnam We have reasons to believe that the consumer behavior inside the supermarkets in Vietnam do not differ from other countries. The reasons why that is, is the supermarkets have not done any radical changes within the stores to adapt other that of course different food and local suppliers. The customers in Vietnam is like other customers visiting supermarkets, they usually bring a shopping list and make use of a shopping cart or a basket. The customers shopping with kids can place the kids in the cart, but this will not cover the CartCom. As shown in the pictures there are still room for CartComs new advertising space. In the picture to the left a child has joined in on the shopping, the CartCom will be placed under the shoppers right hand. There are cart with baby seats on top of the handle, but they only cover the old seat like this one is using, and not he handle. The bracket is placed on the handle where the cart is being pushed, as shown in the picture to the right. C:UsersKamillaDesktopcartcom.jpgC:UsersKamillaDesktopbaby i vogn The shopping will take place as it usually does, only we see a trend for larger purchases and this may make room for larger stores and bigger amount of carts in the stores. Up until now there had been a change in consumer behavior from street market shopping to the supermarket shopping. This has been The Co-op Mart chain that is CartComs first target has had an increase in both customers and revenues by more than 40% compared to the same period last year.  [8]   There has been a sufficient increase in the supermarket industry and this gains all participants as well as the chains. CartCom we believe will be one of the participants and the increase in profitability in this industry will create opportunities for CartCom to sell more and eventually expand with the screens, as shown in the picture. C:UsersKamillaDesktopskjerm cartcom Will the consumers continue changing their behavior? Another thing worth noticing is the perceived threat of consumers changing their behavior, as they have been doing up until now. The average perception of this is analyzed in Ac Nielsens report on grocery shopping from 2010. The results tell us that Vietnamese consumers are anticipated to change their behavior on several highlighted elements. Elements like purchasing more local food, buy bigger packs to save money, purchase more on promotion and change channel of information received. However because it is expected to change on every subject, I believe this is just another hint telling us that the retail industry will continue growing. I believe the consumer behavior will keep on changing into the western way of shopping, in supermarkets with carts and postponed for in-store advertising. This way of shopping also includes the large purchases to save money and advertising for low prices. The push marketing strategy is becoming old and the chains, we believe, is in need for a new and innovative way of exposing the customers with communication material. I want to highlight one finding from this model. It states that they are anticipating the Vietnamese consumers to buy more Vietnamese products in the close future. This is likely to be a trend to support the countries operations and not import. Also it is supporting short travelled food and environmental focus. Conclusion How inhabitants do their shopping is different in every country. In Vietnam there has been a change from street markets to supermarkets and this creates opportunities for several participants. CartCom is one of them and by introducing a new way of reaching out to consumers during the shopping, we believe we can expand to using screens and that way not be duplicated easily because the plastic brackets are just the beginning of a revolution within in-store advertising. The Ac Nielsen grocery report 2010 http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:y_ldKXyUxcsJ:www.acnielsen.com.vn/site/documents/NielsenVietnamGroceryReportAugust2010.pdf+annual+grocery+report+vietnamhl=nopid=blsrcid=ADGEEShbEBLuDEgDbLQ2NJ5S7dE88LIKbDgtivJ7sJ2yy_M75REjQQvFQQx-1ui3bKdTaaBJi1WKPjwytuw2cjV4IsjqpxLiHUYW0vwxkVm2EwIo1FQo3N7N-INR1KExLRr7znvufnOqsig=AHIEtbSERBeXR8i9t1hcDfpPRnF00k4_7A

Be Warned and Study Justice:The Shifting Definition of Justice in Virgi

Be Warned and Study Justice:The Shifting Definition of Justice in Virgil’s Aeneid A twenty-first century reading of the Iliad and the Odyssey will highlight a seeming lack of justice: hundreds of men die because of an adulteress, the most honorable characters are killed, the cowards survive, and everyone eventually goes to hell. Due to the difference in the time period, culture, prominent religions and values, the modern idea of justice is much different than that of Greece around 750 B.C. The idea of justice in Virgil’s the Aeneid is easier for us to recognize. As in our own culture, â€Å"justice† in the epic is based on a system of punishment for wrongs and rewards for honorable acts. Time and time again, Virgil provides his readers with examples of justice in the lives of his characters. Interestingly, the meaning of justice in the Aeneid transforms when applied to Fate and the actions of the gods. Unlike our modern (American) idea of blind, immutable Justice, the meanings and effects of justice shift, depending on whether its subject is mo rtal or immortal. Before discussing justice in the epic, it is important to establish the meaning of the term. For our present purpose, justice will specifically apply to the social system of moral checks and balances. Acts that are valued in society are rewarded materially or emotionally. Acts that are devalued lead to punishment. Also, recipients of unmerited punishment receive compensation for their injuries. Often, a person is seen as the embodiment of the value of their action, thus a person can be seen as â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad,† and the consequences of justice that affect them are based on the general value of their general actions. The value given to actions is based on a soc... ...are confronted with the question of moral absolutes, we are forced to wonder when and to whom justice truly applies. Hopefully, we will look at our world and our ideas of right, wrong and retribution in different ways, ways that will enlighten and enrich our lives, and the those of the an audience of readers 2,000 years from now. Works Cited Braund, Susanna Morton. â€Å"Virgil and the Cosmos: Religious and Philosophical Ideas.† The Cambridge Companion to Virgil. Charles Martindale, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. 204-221. Solmsen, Friedrich. â€Å"The World of the Dead in Book 6 of the Aeneid.† Oxford Readings in Vergil’s Aeneid. S. J. Harrison, ed. New York: Oxford UP, 1990. 208-223. Virgil. The Aeneid. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York: Vintage Books, 1983. Williams, Gordon. Technique and Ideas in the Aeneid. New Haven, Ct: Yale UP, 1983.

Thomas Jefferson Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction Thomas Jefferson spent most of his career in public office and made his greatest contributions to his country in the field of politics. He loved liberty in every form, and he worked for freedom of speech, press, religion, and other civil liberties. Jefferson was the 3rd president of the United States and best remembered as a great president and as the author of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson's interests and talents covered an amazing range. He became one of the leading American architects of his time and designed the Virginia Capital, the University of Virginia, and his own home, Monticello. He greatly appreciated art and music and tried to encourage their advancement in the United States. He also won lasting fame as a diplomat, a political thinker, and a founder of the Democratic Party. Early Life Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, at Shadwell, the family farm in Goochland County, Virginia. He was the third child in the family and grew up with six sisters and one brother. Two other brothers died in infancy. His father, Peter Jefferson, had served as surveyor, sheriff, colonel of militia, and member of House of Burgesses. Thomas' mother, Jane Randolph Jefferson, came from one of the oldest families in Virginia. 	Thomas developed the normal interests of a country boy, such as hunting, fishing, horseback riding, and canoeing. He also learned to play the violin and to love music. When Jefferson was fourteen, his father died. Since he was the oldest son he became the head of the family. He inherited more than 2,500 acres of land and 20 slaves. His guardian, John Hairvie managed the estate until Jefferson was twenty-one. 	At the age of nine, Jefferson began studies under a tutor. He learned Latin, Greek, and French. In 1760, at the age of sixteen, he entered the college St. William and Mary at Williamsburg. There, young Jefferson met two men, William Small and Judge George Wythe, who would have a great influence on him. Small was a professor of mathematics at the college. Small introduced his "...eager young disciple...(Worldbook)" to Wythe, one of the most experienced lawyers in the province. Through Small and Wythe, Jefferson became friendly with Governor Francis Fauquier. These four spent countless evenings at the governor's mansion, talking and playing chamber music. 	Jefferson spent two yea... ... Jefferson prepared a written vocabulary of Indian language. He arranged for the French sculptor Jean Houdon to come to America to make a statue of George Washington. Jefferson also posed for Houdon and for the famous American portrait painter Gilbert Stuart. He enjoyed playing the violin in chamber music concerts. Jefferson also founded the University of Virginia, "Of which he was very proud (Internet)". He died in 1826, and left his family deep in debt. The Executor's Sale in the winter of 1827 put up for sale 130 of his slaves. They sold all of his possession's in three years. Conclusion 	Thomas Jefferson was a great and powerful leader who led a full and successful life in America. Even as a young boy, Jefferson was an independent thinker, which led him into a career in politics. Jefferson also was a great writer and inventor. Some of his writings include the Declaration of Independence and the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, both which shaped the nation into what it is today. Jefferson helped set a standard for the United States as well as the rest of the world. Without him, the United States would not be the land of justice, liberty and the free.